c o HARVARD UNIVERSITY «» LIBRARY OF THE Museum of Comparative Zoology O urr- TRANSACTIONS OF THE SAN DIEGO SOCIETY OF NATURAL HISTORY VOLUME 12 Printed from the W. W. Whitney Publication Endowment &M*k c ^ r ' SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA Printed for the Society 1954-1962 COMMITTEE ON PUBLICATION Joshua L. Baily, Jr. Carl L. Hubbs Laurence M. Klauber Charles C. Haines mk. ma?. LIBRARV DEC 3 11962 HARVARD WIVERSITY CONTENTS 1. A new form of Perognathus fortnosus from Baja California, Mexico. By Laurence M. Huey. March 1, 1954 1-2 2. A preliminary revision of the genus Pselaptrichus (Coleoptera: Pselaphidae) . By Gordon A. Marsh and Robert O. Schuster. June 1, 1954 3-28 3. The fossil pit-vipers (Reptilia: Crotalidae) of North Anerica. By Bayard H. Brattstrom. July 1, 1954 31-46 4. Analysis of the herpetofauna of Baja California, Mexico. By Charles H. Lowe, Jr., and Kenneth S. Norris. September 10, 1954. 47-64 5. Snakes of the islands in the Gulf of California, Mexico. By Frank S. Cliff. October 1, 1954 67-97 6. A new race of Dipodomys and a new race of Thomomys from Arizona. By Laurence M. Huey. February 10, 1955 99-101 7. A revision of the Pacific Coast Phytosi, with a review of the foreign genera (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae). By Ian Moore. March 1, 1956 103-151 8. Marine Pleistocene invertebrates from near Puerto Penasco, So- nora, Mexico. By Leo George Hertlein. June 7, 1956 153-175 9. Additional notes on the Pliocene and Pleistocene fauna of the Turtle Bay area, Baja California, Mexico. By E. P. Chace. June 11, 1956 177-179 10. Upper Pleistocene Mollusca from Potrero Canyon, Pacific Pali- sades, California. By James W. Valentine. July 2, 1956 181-205 11. Notes on some intertidal Coleoptera, with descriptions of the early stages (Carabidae, Staphylinidae, Malachiidae) . By Ian Moore. August 24, 1956 207-229 12. A new species of Mcgathymus from Baja California, Mexico (Lepidoptera: Megathymidae) . By Charles F. Harbison. March 15, 1957 231-261 13. Notes on the metamorphosis of an Agave-boring butterfly from Baja California, Mexico. By John Adams Comstock. May 1, 1957. 263-275 14. Fish remains from aboriginal sites in the Punta Penasco region of Sonora, Mexico. By W. I. Follett. July 12, 1957 279-286 15. A new race of wood rat (Neoto?na) from the Gulf side of central Baja California, Mexico. By Laurence M. Huey. September 25, 1957 287-288 16. Late Pleistocene faunas from the northwestern coast of Baja Cali- fornia, Mexico. By James W. Valentine. September 25, 1957 289-308 17. Type material of Eucalodium orcutti Dall (Gastropoda: Pul- monata) from Oaxaca, Mexico. By Robert J. Drake. September 25, 1957 309-3 10 18. The North American species of Hesperus Fauvel, with descrip- tions of two new species (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) . By Ian Moore. October 16, 1958 311-318 19. The marine molluscan fauna of Guadalupe Island, Mexico. By E. P. Chace. October 16, 1958 319-332 20. A new mollusk from San Felipe, Baja California. By E. P. Chace. October 16, 1958 333-334 21. Pleistocene mollusks from Tecolote Creek, San Diego, California. By William K. Emerson and Emery P. Chace. May 27, 1959 335-346 22. Type localities of vascular plants in San Diego County, Cali- fornia.. By Ethel Bailey Higgins. July 22, 1959 347-406 23. A new race of pocket gopher (Thomomys) from San Fernando Mission, Baja California, Mexico. By Laurence M. Huey. February 1, 1960 407-408 24. Two new races of Perognathus spinatus from Baja California, Mexico. By Laurence M. Huey. February 1, 1960 409-412 25. Comments on the pocket mouse. Perognathus fallax, with de- scriptions of two new races from Baja California, Mexico. By Laurence M. Huey. February 1, 1960 413-419 26. Inherent and applied camouflage in the subfamily Geometrinae (Lepidoptera) , including three new life history studies. By John Adams Comstock. December 1, 1960 421-439 27. Differentiation of the southwestern tortoises (genus Gopherus) , with notes on their habits. By Chapman Grant. November 15, 1960 441-448 28. Marine mollusks from Los Angeles Bay, Gulf of California. By James H. McLean. August 15, 1961 449-476 29. Two new species of broad-faced, five-toed kangaroo rats (genus Dipodomys) . By Laurence M. Huey. August 30, 1962 477-480 / TRANSACTIONS OF THE SAN DIEGO SOCIETY OF NATURAL HISTORY Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 1-2 March 1, 1954 A NEW FORM OF PEROGNATHUS FORMOSUS FROM BAJA CALIFORNIA, MEXICO BY Laurence M. Huey Curator of Birds and Mammals, San Diego Society of Natural History A study of accumulated specimens of Perognathus formosus in the collection of the San Diego Society of Natural History reveals an undescribed race of this species from the central, arid section of the peninsula of Baja California. It may be known as Perognathus formosus infolatus 1 subsp. nov. San Francisquito Pocket Mouse Type. — From 7 miles west of San Francisquito Bay, lat. 28°30' N., Gulf of California, Baja California, Mexico; No. 15664 collection of the San Diego Society of Natural History; adult male; collected by Laurence M. Huey, April 3, 1947. Measurements of Type. — Total length 187; tail, 104; hind foot, 25; ear, 6. Skull: Occipitonasal Jength, 27.5; mastoid breadth, 14.6; inter- orbital constriction, 6.6; nasals, 10.2; alveolar length of upper molar series, 3.8. 1 Lat. Bleached ys. ccmp. zool LIBRARY MAR l 5 1954 HARVARD U^VERSiTY San Diego Society of Natural History Diagnosis and Comparisons. — In color, Perognathus formosus info/a- tits is the most pallid, dorsally, of all the known races of Perognathus formosus. In this character it even exceeds the pallor of the ashen-colored Perognathus formosus cinerascens which inhabits the extremely arid, stony areas northward near San Felipe, Baja California, Mexico. It is larger in size than P. f. cinerascens, and has a proportionately greater cranium and larger, more inflated mastoid bullae. Range. — This newly described race is known from 7 miles west of San Francisquio Bay and Barril, situated not far distant on the Gulf of California coast (lat. 28°20' N) and from 3 specimens 2 from 3 miles west of El Marmol, and 1 from 3 miles south of El Marmol, lat. 30°. A single specimen taken on the barren rocky area northeast of El Marmol is referable to P. f. cinerascens, though not typical of the latter subspecies. A change in the character of the region is noticeable in the vicinity of El Marmol and is well demonstrated in the determination of these speci- mens. The capture of Perognathus formosus at Barril (28°20' N) marks the southernmost recorded locality for this species so far. Specimens examined. — Perognathus formosus formosus, 29 from Saint George, Washington County, Utah (type locality). Perognathus formosus mohavensis, 78 from Mohave Desert Region, California (in- cluding type). Perognathus formosus mesembrinus, 18 from eastern San Diego County and western Imperial County, California. Perognathus formosus cinerascens, 8 from San Felipe (type locality) ; 1 from northeast of El Marmol, Baja California, Mexico. Perognathus formosus infolatus, 4 from Barril; 2 from 7 miles west of San Francisquito Bay (type local- ity) ; 1 from 3 miles south of El Marmol, and 2 from 3 miles west of El Marmol, Baja California, Mexico. TRANSACTIONS OF THE SAN DIEGO SOCIETY OF NATURAL HISTORY Volume XII, No. 2, pp. 3-28, plates 1-3, map A PRELIMINARY REVISION OF THE GENUS PSELAPTRICHUS (COLEOPTERA:PSELAPHIDAE) Gordon A. Marsh and Robert O. Schuster Department of Entomology and Parasitology University of California M%. CQMP. ZOQL UBRARY JUN 2 2 1954 HARVARD UNIVERSITY SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA Printed for the Society June 1, 1954 COMMITTEE ON PUBLICATION Joshua L. Baily Carl L. Hubbs Laurence M. Klauber Charles C. Haines ,.} Marsh-Schuster — Genus Pselaptrichus San Diego iocitu or Natural History INTRODUCTION The genus Pselaptrkhus represents a small and poorly known group of bythinine beetles endemic to the montane regions of the western United States, and, in particular, the coniferous forests of the Pacific Coast as defined by Cain (1944, p. 110). In such areas they usually occur in the litter and duff layers of the dark, humid forest floor. Because of such a secluded habitat and secretive nature, they were once considered to be rare as is indicated by the paucity of specimens in the major collections of the West. However, upon the exploitation of such habitats through the utilization of adequate sampling and collecting devices, it has been found, as is the case with so many specialized and "rare" organisms, that they are actually quite common and form an integral part of the western pselaphid fauna. Prior to this paper, the genus was represented in literature by three species, two of which were recently named by Park (1953). The type species, P. tuberculipalpus, was described by Brendel (1889). Raffray (1908) integrated the genus with the world pselaphid fauna, while Bowman (1934) included the genus in his compilation of the Pselaphidae of North America. This paper is designed to combine all previous information with the new material, to clarify the identity of the type species, to describe seven new species, to provide a key for the integration and recognition of all the species, and, where possible, to indicate relationships as well as variation at the specific level. PROCEDURE The specimens which constitute the material basis for this paper were collected during the first nine months of 1953 by the authors in conjunc- tion with the California Insect Survey (C. I. S. ), by C. D. MacNeill, E. E. Gilbert, and by other students of the Department of Entomology of the University of California whose names appear in the text. Additional specimens were loaned through the courtesy of H. B. Leech, California Academy of Sciences (C. A. S.), and Orlando Park, Northwestern University (N. U.). Collecting methods, for the most part, were divisible into two separate activities: location of sampling sites by random sifting, and the accumu- lation of ground litter in paper sacks for subsequent treatment by Berlese funnels in the laboratory. Whenever possible, specimens were mounted on both points and slides for study. Individuals to be placed on slides were cleared in warm lacto- phenol and mounted in either balsam cr Hoyer's medium. Genitalia were removed from partially cleared specimens and mounted separately. The descriptions of all species have been made from pointed specimens while using a binocular microscope with a magnification of 70 X, and, in certain instances, individual characters were examined on small specimens Marsh-Schuster — Genus Pselaptrichus while using 105 X. Slide mounts of specimens from the type locality were used to describe mandibular dentition. The holotype, allotype, or both, as well as some of the paratypes, are deposited in the entomological collection of the California Academy of Sciences; the remaining paratypes in the collection of the California Insect Survey, University of California, unless otherwise indicated in the text. The illustrations have been drawn by the authors with the aid of an ocular grid using both slide and pointed material. MORPHOLOGY The following discussion is based on those characters which, under the present classification, exhibit a greater degree of interspecific varia- tion and have a certain value in species discernment. The first section deals only with those characters common to both sexes. This is followed by a discussion of secondary sexual characters. EYES. The number of facets is one of the most variable characters in the genus, varying from four to thirty-six, with the majority of species having under twelve. This variation is particularly evident in some males where not only the number but the shape is distinctive. Those species with a small number of facets have round or subcircular eyes. As the facet number increases, the eyes become dorsoventrally elongate forming an in- verted triangle as in roth/ and ornatus, or become subreniform as in oculatus. VERTEXAL FOVEAE. The position of the foveae in relation to the eyes has not been used in previous classifications. However, their position merits recognition as an added character in distinguishing between certain species and is particularly useful when dealing with female specimens. If an imaginary transverse line is constructed through the middle of the eyes, the foveae will lie anterior, posterior, or directly on such a line providing the head is oriented in such a manner as to be horizontally parallel to the plane of focus. TEMPORA. In the majority of species the tempora are simply rounded or rounded angulate in dorsal outline (PI. 2, figs. 9, 14), but in cavatus they form a nearly straight line to the cervix. CERVICO-OCCIPITAL CARINA. Three species groups are segreg- ate on the basis of this carina: those in which it does not attain the posterior border of the vertexal foveae; those in which it just attains but does not surpass the border; and those in which the carina distinctly surpasses the posterior border. FRONTAL PROLONGATION. The median sulcus and its relation to the lateral convexities provide one means of associating males and females as this character is constant for both sexes. The sulcus may be a narrow, vestigal, canaliculate impression which is subequal in width to the lateral margins as in carinatus. or a broad, flat sulcus occupying a majority of the dorsal surface of the frontal prolongation, this impres- sion being wider than the lateral margins as in rothi. The sulcal margins may be evenly convex, obliquely flattened forming lateral carinae, or 8 San Diego Society of Natural History completely flattened and highly rugulose. They may also converge apically as in ornatus or diverge apically as in rothi. MAXILLARY PALPI. Unfortunately little aid in classification can be obtained by using this structure to differentiate closely related species. There are, however, three basic forms of the fourth segment with minor variations of each. In two species, this segment is elongate, securiform and approximately three times longer than broad (PI. 3, fig. 17). In all other species, this segment is approximately two times longer than broad but is of two moderately distinct forms. In some species the inner or upper margins forming the declivities are rounded angulate (Pi. 3, fig- 16). In others, the declivity of the upper apical margin is gradually rounded to the terminal palpal cone (PL 3, figs. 15, 18). ELYTRA. This structure is comparable in most of the species, and yet, provides the basis for subgeneric distinction. In nine of the ten species each elytron has two antebasal foveae and a subhumeral foveae which is connected to the margin by an entire, oblique epipleural sulcus. In curwsus, both the subhumeral fovea and sulcus are lacking. Because of the absence of these characters curiosus was designated as the type species of the subgenus V estitrichus Park. ABDOMEN. The ratios of the abdominal tergites are similar in those species which are assumed to be closely related. Also, the ratio of the first tergite is inversely proportional to the total size of the species under consideration. Abdominal foveae are evident on the second sternite in all species. However, in ornatus, cavatus and gibbosus the weak apodemal invaginations at the lateral margins of both sternites and tergites which are common to those species from the central coast of California have become well developed, forming distinct pubescent foveae which are par- tially covered by the apical margin of each segment and are not readily visible on pointed specimens. SECONDARY SEXUAL CHARACTERS. An accurate determination of the sexes in the genus Pselaptrichus is necessary not only from the practical value of the species determination, but is of considerable impor- tance in the study of interspecific relationships. In previous classifications, the sexes were readily segregable on the basis of two morphological characters unique to the males; a preapical protibial notch or spinoid process, an apical metatibial spine, or both. With the description of several new species these two characters are insufficient to provide a positive distinction. Consequently, a combination of three anatomical landmarks as noted in the first couplet of the species key is necessary to realize a correct diagnosis. VENTRAL SURFACE OF HEAD. In the majority of species, the ventral surface of the male head is structurally complex (PI. 2, figs. 10- 14). These structural modifications may take the form of a median carinoid process or an excavation which is occupied by various protuber- ances, transverse carinae, and hairs. The females of the above species lack these gross structures but have modifications of the ventral apical declivity. These modifications include a median excavation varying in size and form, and the presence or absence of a median carina, callosity, or flat deltoid impression. Both males and females of tuber culipalpus, rectus and spinosus Marsh-Schuster — Genus Pselaptrichus 9 have a simple tumid surface without any obvious structural modifications (PI. 2, fig. 9). TIBIAE. The protibia of all males, with the exception of two species, possess either a spinoid process or a notch varying in form and position (PI. 3, figs. 19, 20). The two exceptions, rectus and carinatus, have simple protibia which resemble the females in respect to this character (PI. 3, fig. 21). The presence of a distal metatibial spine in the males is considered to be the most valid character differentiating the sexes, though not without exception, since carinatus exhibits a complete loss of this structure. ANTENNAE. The form of this structure is exceedingly similar in both sexes of most species and offers little in the way of diagnostic characters. The fourth through eighth segments are rounded hexagonal and subequal in width. However, the seventh and eighth segments of cavatus and gibbosus are dorso-ventrally compressed and longer than wide. This is noticeable in lateral aspect, appearing as a short ventral arcuation inter- rupting the segmental continuity. SEX-LIMITED CHARACTERS. The eyes of the male population samples of spinosus and rectus normally have seven facets which show little intraspecific variation, and yet, two specimens of spinosus and one of rectus have twenty-five facets. Correlated with this differential number of facets is the development of presumably functional wings and associated thoracic structures which are normally lacking. Since other diagnostic characters such as the genitalia and protibia are identical, and since this dimorphism has been observed only in male specimens, it is assumed WIDTH ACROSS PREZYGAPOPHYSIS LENGTH OF CENTRUM NEURAL SPINE HEIGHT ZYGOSPHENE HEIGHT ZYGOSPHENE WIDTH PARAPOPHYSIS WIDTH C *,-' PARAPOPHYSIS LENGTH v v C CENTRUM HEIGHT HYPAPOPHYSIS LENGTH BH A( -/— Al ^r C> Al T Bl f- \AH O Bt- ftt- C B»- Figure 1. Ratio diagram (on a log-difference scale) showing comparison of certain osteological characters in Crotalus giganteus and two subspecies of C. adamanteus. A. Recent C. a. adamanteus, summary of many speci- mens. Standard (.0) is largest vertebra of a good-sized C. a. adamanteus, U.S.N.M. 29419. B. All Pleistocene material of C. a. pleistofloridensis; dashed line passes through average. C. Type of C. giganteus. ■ A strong overlap is evident in A and B, with very little in C. 46 San Diego Society of Natural History Figure 2. Thoracic vertebrae of Crotalus adamanteus pleistofloridensis and C. giganteus. 1 and 4, type and paratype of C. a. pleistofloridensis, Seminole, Florida. 5, 7, 8, 10, and 11, C. a. pleistofloridensis, part of syntypic series, Seminole, Florida. 6, 9, and 12, C. a. pleistofloridensis, A.M.N. H. 7514, Florida, no other data. 2 and 3, type and paratype of C. giganteus. TRANSACTIONS OF THE SAN DIEGO SOCIETY OF NATURAL HISTORY Volume XII, No. 4, pp. 47-64, plates 4-5, figs. 1-2 ANALYSIS OF THE HERPETOFAUNA OF BAJA CALIFORNIA, MEXICO BY Charles H. Lowe, Jr. and Kenneth S. Norris SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA Printed for the Society September 10, 1954 MUS. COM LIBR SEP 3 i HARY UNIVt! COMMITTEE ON PUBLICATION Joshua L. Baily Carl L. Hubbs Laurence M. Klauber Charles C. Haines Lowe-Norris — Herpetofauna of Baja California 49 ANALYSIS OF THE HERPETOFAUNA OF BAJA CALIFORNIA, MEXICO BY Charles H. Lowe, Jr. and Kenneth S. Norris I. INTRODUCTION This study is the first of a series concerning the biogeography and systematics of the herpetofauna of Baja California, Mexico, and adjacent islands. Field work in this connection was begun at the close of World War II. In the summer of 1949, studies in Baja California were extended to the Cape San Lucas region, from sea level to the 7,000 foot crest of the Sierra Laguna. At this writing, work is continuing, both in the labora- tory and field. The patterns of ecologic and geographic distribution shown by the reptiles and amphibians of Baja California and adjacent regions can be correlated with the recently defined history of Tertiary environments of Western North America. This environmental history has been illuminated largely through advances in the field of paleobotany during the last decade. We propose to define the variation and ecologic distribution of the amphibians and reptiles of the peninsula and adjacent islands as well as available material well permit and to attempt the correlation of distri- bution patterns with the environmental history. Among the new forms which have come to light in the course of our field work is a new northern coastal subspecies of Crotalus enyo, the Baja California Rattlesnake. This form is described, its ecology discussed, and pertinent new scale terminology is proposed. II. ANALYSIS OF SUBSPECIFIC DIFFERENTIATION IN CROTALUS ENYO, THE BAJA CALIFORNIA RATTLESNAKE Scale Terminology There is, as yet, no adequate terminology for the somewhat irregular scales on the side of the head of Crotalus. C. enyo is not unique in hav- ing small scales present in thcee areas on the side of the head: (1) bordering the upper loreal, (2) at the upper anterior corner of the eye, and (3) about the loreal pit. Current problems relative to these scales have been obscured by the lack of an accepted precise terminology. This problem has been discussed with Laurence M. Klauber, and the new names for scales as used herein are the result of our mutual agreements (see Klauber, 1952:9, footnote). San Diego Society of Natural History O C. ENYO FURVUS C. ENYO ENYO Fig. 1. Distribution of the subspecies of Crotalus enyo, the Baja California Rattlesnake. Lowe-Norris — Herpetofauna of Baja California 51 12 3 4 5 13 12 U 10 Fig. 2. Scales on the anterior lateral surface of the head of Cro talus, as exem- plified by C. enyo. 1, lower loreal (subloreal) ; 2, upper loreal (supraloreal) ; 3, lacunal; 4, postloreal; 5, postsupraloreal ; 6, preciliary; 7, orbit; 8, upper pre- ocular; 9, lower preocular; 10, postfoveals; 11, subfoveals; 12, second supralabial; 13, prefoveals, (there are five in this example, as usual, they occupy a triangular area); 14, rostral; 15, prenasal ; 16, postnasal. The following terms for head scalation are suggested (see Fig. 2) : (1) prefoveal(s), subfoveal(s). and postfoveal(s). for the small scales at the anterior, lower, and posterior borders of the pit. The scales lining the pit (and small extensions of these scales along its outer bor- der) are termed lacunals (see below) . Two of these terms (subfoveal and postfoveal) are restricted in the sense that they apply only to the border roiv of scales about the pit (Fig. 2). The prefoveals comprise all small scales in the small area anterior to the subfoveals which are bor- dered by the following scales: supralabial (s), subfoveal, lacunal, loreal or lower loreal, and nasal. Where prefoveals and subfoveals are to be distinguished on the one hand, and postfoveals and subfoveals on the other, is a matter of reference to a line drawn at 45 degrees to the hori- zontal, through the center of the pit. This is analogous to the situation in segregating suboculars and postoculars. The term prefoveal may prove to be the most useful of the three; the terms subfoveal and postfoveal may be used where they clarify description, as in C. enyo. (2) lacunal(s), for the relatively large scale (s) forming the inner border of the pit. These scales are reduced in size when foveal scales, particularly subfoveals, are present. (3) preciliary(s), for the small scale in the upper anterior corner of the eye. This scale is just below the contact of the postsupraloreal and the supraocular and is a derivative from the upper preocular scale, that is split off of its upper posterior corner. It is not consistently present in C. enyo. The postsupraloreal is more consistently present. (4) presupraloreal(s) and postsupraloreal(s), for the small scales which may border the supraloreal and which are, for the most part, below the canthus. Such distinction is useful in some species, including C. enyo. but becomes arbitrary and confusing in others, such as C. molossus, that have numerous scales in the loreal region. The presupraloreal(s) is an- terior to the upper loreal (=supraloreal) , between that scale and the postnasal. The postsupraloreal(s) is located posterior to the upper loreal, between it and the supraocular; it is anterior to, and slightly above, the preciliary, when that scale is developed. These scales are present in a few 52 San Diego Society of Natural History species including C. enyo which characteristically has a single postsupra- loreal but lacks a presupraloreal. (5) postloreal(s), for the small irregularly occurring scale (s) inter- posed between the loreal(s) and preocular(s), as in C. enyo. By use of the proposed terms "postloreal" and "preciliary" in forms like C. enyo, there is no disturbance of the usual nomenclatorial designations of the regular upper and lower preoculars and upper and lower loreals. This distinction also is less applicable to forms, like C. molossus, that have numerous loreals. Crotalus enyo furvus, subsp. nov. 1 Dusky Baja California Rattlesnake Holotype. — Adult male, No. 55388, Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, collected alive by Kenneth S. Norris and Charles H. Lowe, Jr., July 21, 1949, 10.9 miles (by road) north of El Rosario, along the main road on the coastwise terrace near the foot of a bold Cretaceous escarpment, Baja California Norte, Mexico. The type is deposited in the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, California. (Fig. 3)- Diagnosis. — A distinctive subspecies distinguished from the pallid C. e. enyo by a very dark brown ground color and darker blotches and spotting; proximal rattle segment black; 10-12 (11.0) posterior body crossbands; the lacunal(s) wholly or partly separated, by 1-3 subfoveals, from the supralabial row; 3 scales (average) in minimum count between orbit and supralabials. Measurements (taken on the fresh specimen) and scalation of holo- type. — Snout-vent length, 606 mm.; tail length, 60 mm.; ratio of tail to total length, .090; head length, 30.6 mm., contained 21.8 times in over- all length; head width, 21.7 mm.; ratio of head length to head width, 1.41. Scale rows, 25-25-21, with 1 1 at middle of tail; scales are strongly keeled, with first and occasionally second rows smooth on anterior and middle body, with all rows keeled an extreme posterior body and tail. Ventrals, 162; subcaudals, 29, of which the last 4 are divided. Anal entire. Supralabials, 13 — 13; infralabials, 13 — 14. First infralabials undi- vided; first two in contact with genials on either side; mental triangular; neither intergenials nor submentals present. Rostral wider than high and in contact with supralabials. Internasals, 2. Minimum scale rows between supraoculars, 5. Nasals, 2-2. Loreals, 2, of approximately the same size, or larger than, upper. A postsupraloreal scale between supraocular and supraloreal. A single postloreal scale. Canthals, 3. Preoculars, 2, with suprapreocular larger. A preciliary scale in the upper anterior corner of eye. Minimum scale rows from supralabials to orbit, 3. Total scales in orbit, 9. Prefoveals, 6-4, subfoveals, 3-3, and postfoveals, 2-2, forming a complete row separating the supralabials from the lacunal on the outer margin of the pit floor. Rattle with 14 segments, broken near former tip. 1 The name (L. furvus, dark) refers to the dark or dusky coloration of this race. Lowe-Norris — Herpetofauna of Baja California 53 Coloration of holotype (in life). — The principal ground color of the upper surfaces is dark brown (PI. 15, near C 6) 2 on the middle third of the body. Anteriorly, the ground color is slightly darker. Posteriorly, the ground color gradually lightens to tan (14, H 8) just anterior to the vent. Everywhere the ground color is somewhat darker than the primary dorsal row, or series, of blotches, which are rich brown (15, A 12) and are edged with black. The blotch outlines do not adhere to scale rows. The black-edging scales and black scales elsewhere are often tipped with gray (29, A 1). The dorsal blotches of the primary series gradually change backward from longitudinal rectangles on the neck through hexa- gons and crude diamonds to crossbands on the posterior body and tail. Dorsally, the brownish posterior body crossbands (15, L 12) are faintly edged with dark brown to black; laterally, they are darker brown (15, A 17). A secondary series of smaller blotches, on the lower lateral sur- face, parallels the primary series. These are variously positioned on the first six scale rows. On the posterior body, they coalesce with the dorsal series to form the afore-mentioned crossbands. Anteriorly, however, they are well separated from the dorsal blotches; the first 5 or 6 on the neck are brown, bordered with black as in the dorsal primary series. Farther back, they take the form of small black spots, involving 2 to 5 scales, until they coalesce with the primary series where they are brown. Still smaller and lighter spots on the first 3 scale rows form a tertiary series and alternate with the elements of the secondary series. They vary in color from black to brown (anterioposteriorly) . Faint traces of other blotches, appearing as slight darkenings of the ground color, occur above the tertiary spots on the mid-lateral surfaces, alternate with the spots of the primary and secondary series. These faint blotches in the adult may be traces of more prominent juvenile markings which fade in ontogeny. The ground color of the upper surfaces of the head posterior to the eyes is the same as that of the neck and anterior body. On the anterior portions, the ground color is an even darker brown. A pair of parallel longitudinal marks begins at the dark brown (8, J 10) supraoculars and continues posteriorly onto the neck, where they become confluent just anterior to the first dorsal blotch. They do not join with this blotch. The brown color (15, A 1) and black bordering of these marks is approxi- mately the same as that of the dorsal blotches. A darker lateral head stripe of rich olive brown (15, H 7), stippled with blackish brown and faintly bordered with black, arises at the ventroposterior corner of the eye, passes backward above the commissure and turns below it posteriorly. No preocular light line is present. A light tan (12, C 5) supraocular cross mark on the anterior half of this scale widens mesially, curving both for- ward and inward from the outer edge. The color and pattern of the proximal two-thirds of the tail approxi- mates that of the extreme posterior body. There are 5 light brown cross- bands on the tail. The distal third of the tail is a uniform dark blackish brown. The proximal rattle segment is solid black; the second segment 2 Maerz and Paul (1930) color determinations. 54 San Diego Society of Natural History is black tinged slightly with brown. The remaining segments are light brown. Ventral coloration at mid-body is yellowish (10, C 2 to 10, E 2), with light brown stippling, becoming lighter anteriorly and evenly grad- ing to white on the neck and ventral surface of the head. The mental and first 4 infralabials are a darker blackish brown than the remaining infralabials. The genials and other ventral scales of the anterior portion of the head scales are stippled with light brown over the white ground color. Occasional brown stippling occurs on the remainder of the gular area. The color of the iris is light brown (13, C 5). Intrasub specific and intersubspeafic variation. — Individual differences are slight in the 4 available specimens of C. e. furvus. Certain of these differences are set forth in Table 1, in which comparison is also made with C. e. enyo. The largest specimen of f units, a badly damaged male DOR (KSN 1337), measures approximately 580 mm. from snout to vent. Like many other immature rattlesnakes, a female of e. furvus (LMK 41087), studied shortly after preservation in alcohol, was found to be lighter in ground color and bolder in pattern. The mediolateral blotches that alternate with those of the primary and secondary series are clearly marked and less obscured than in the adult. These marks are absent from the neck and posterior quarter of the body in the immature. In color they are darker brown than the ground color and partly edged with black in the same manner as the dorsal primary series of blotches. In this small specimen there are two prominent black spots on each infra- labial row ; one is on the third infralabial scale, and the other, of approxi- mately the same size, borders the ninth and tenth infralabials. The dorsal head marks of this specimen are unlike the type and more like e, enyo in being broken at the middle of the head and not confluent posteriorly. In addition, this specimen does not have a preciliary scale, and in con- trast to the remainder of the topotypic series, the upper and lower loreals are of approximately the same size on one side, but with the upper still slightly larger on the other side. Nevertheless, it appears that a difference in the size of the loreals may prove to be another diagnostic scale differ- ence between e. enyo and e. furvus. In e. enyo. the third and fourth supralabials are often in contact with the lacunal scale. In e. furvus, the supralabials are completely or nearly completely separated from the lacunal (s) by one or more small foveals (see Fig. 2). Many of these small scales (particularly the sub- foveals), when present, are developed at the expense of the material which would otherwise form a larger lacunal scale(s). When a larger series of e. furvus is available, the following char- acters may prove to be clinal: the number and relative size of canthals, relative size of the upper and lower loreals, number of scales between supralabials and orbit, number of scales in orbit, number of prefoveals and subfoveals, and number of infralabials in contact with genials. The geographic differences in color (Table 2) may intergrade sharply, in step-cline fashion. The color features of both e. furvus and e. enyo appear Lowe-Norris — Hfrpetofauna of Baja California 55 to be correlated with color features of their habitats. The known ranges of the subspecies of C. enyo (Fig. 1) are separated by about 60 miles and no intergrades have yet been taken. The northernmost specimens of e. enyo were collected by L. M. Huey in 1930 from Jaraguay and from near Cataviha (Klauber, 1931). These two northerly specimens of e. enyo extended the known range of the species about 270 miles north of the northernmost previously known record, at Mulege. The type specimen of e. furvus, collected near El Rosario in 1949, again extended the known range of the species an additional jump to the north — in this case 60 miles, nearly 20 years later and in a relatively well traversed area of Baja California. The third specimen of e. furvus, from Punta Camalu, extended the range northward an additional 45 miles; the fourth speci- men slightly farther. With additional collecting, the present gaps will almost certainly narrow, and intergrades between the two subspecies may be expected. The new form is accorded subspecific status because the discovery of intergradation is anticipated and because, even though geo- graphic intergrades are not discovered or do not exist, the differences will not prove sufficiently consistent to warrant specific separation. The differences, furthermore, appear to represent the low level of morpholo- gical difference usually associated with subspecific differentiation. Locality Records. — In addition to the type, 3 specimens (paratypes) of C. e. furvus are available. These are (1) an immature female, LMK 41087, collected (LOR) by Charles E. Shaw and Richard Schwenkmeyer, April 2, 1950, 2 miles north of El Rosario, near the type locality; (2) an adult male, KSN 1337, collected (DOR) by Kenneth S. Norris, August 30, 1951, at Punta Camalu; and (3) an immature female, KSN 1454, collected (DOR) by K. S. Norris and Arthur Lockley, May 24, 1952, 9.5 miles south of San Telmo River valley (on main road), all in Baja California Norte, Mexico. The localities at which C. enyo has been collected are the following: 3 CROTALUS ENYO ENYO Southern Cape Region, Baja California, Mexico Cape San Lucas (type locality) La Paz San Jose del Cabo San Bartolo Miraflores 6 miles south of Miraflores Santa Anita San Antonio Sierra de la Laguna, opposite Todos Santos San Pedro Todos Santos Sierra de la Laguna La Rivera Eureka San Pedro Mountains 3 Localities are from published data (Klauber, 1931; Gloyd, 1940), from Klauber (in litt.), and localities recorded during our studies to date. 56 San Diego Society of Natural History Central Baja California Region Mulege San Ignacio 29 miles south of Punta Prieta Almejas Bay, Santa Margarita Island Los Angeles Bay 10 miles west of Los Angeles Bay 2 miles south of Los Angeles Corral 1.6 miles west of San Ignacio Northern Baja California Region Jaraguay 10 miles north of Catavina Gulf of California Islands Isla Partida San Francisco Island Carmen Island CROTALUS ENYO FURVUS Northern Baja California Region 10.9 miles north of El Rosario, along main road (type locality) 2 miles north of El Rosario, along main road Punta Camalu 9.5 miles south of San Telmo River valley, along main road Ecology and Distribution. — The area from which the four speci- mens of C. enyo furvus have been taken is relatively limited in extent. This is the coastal strip from 2 miles north of El Rosario northward to Punta Camalu, 65 miles north of EI Rosario. Almost certainly this does not represent the total range of the animal. The plant associations and climatic conditions typical of the localities at which the snake has been found to date extend both north and south of the present known locali- ties. A tentative and conservative estimate of the probable range of the subspecies, the evidence for which is discussed below, is the western coastal area of northern Baja California from Punta San Antonio (or possibly Punta Canoas farther to the south) northward to Cabo Colnett. This range includes the townsites of El Rosario and San Quintin. At San Quintin, in 1949 and prior to the finding of the Camalu (northernmost) specimen, the authors and Mrs. Lowe were the guests of Mr. Frank Frymier, a resident American farming on the flat plain. He described two kinds of rattlesnakes from the plain, a large red one (obviously C. r. ruber) and a smaller "gray" one (C. enyo furvus). Both were adequately described from his firsthand knowledge of the snakes. (The Camalu and near San Telmo River valley specimens, more recently collected, confirm our opinion that C. enyo furvus is an inhabitant of the Sin Quintin area and northward.) Mr. Frymier said that many of the small gray rattlesnakes were killed during brush clearing operations. A large drag was pulled over the brush, rolling it away from the "round. I T e stated the red snake and the smaller gray" one were present in about Lowe-Norris — Hhrpetofauna of Baja California 57 equal numbers. When shown living C. r. ruber and C. enyo furvus, he identified them as being the two rattlesnakes present on the plain. The San Quintin Plain extends for several miles along the coast. Beyond the plain to the north, to a few miles north of Punta Cabras which is north of Cabo Colnett, and to the south at least to Punta San Antonio (south of El Rosario), there is a continuation of the same open, low-growing scrubby vegetation on the coastly terraces. South of El Rosario. the coast rises more abruptly to foothills than it does to the north. Similarly, north of Punta Cabras the country is rugged and moun- tainous along the coast, with narrow coastal shelves and numerous high sea cliffs. Rather marked environmental changes occur over relatively short distances to the northward, eastward, and southward of the coastal area just described. C. e. furvus may also occur on the higher coastal ter- races back of the San Quintin Plain. At the type locality (Fig. 3B), 10.9 miles north of Rosario (along the main road), which is south and slightly higher in elevation than the San Quintin Plain, the habitat is a marine terrace extending inland from sea bluffs to nearby low hills. The area is covered by low shrubby vege- tation. Euphorbia misera is a conspicuous plant. It is common both to the north and south along the coastal plains and terraces. Agave and Opunt'ia are conspicuous but less common. It is of interest to note that the extreme latitudinal range of the endemic Crotahis enyo from Cape San Lucas northward is nearly within that of the giant cactus, Cereus pr'inglei. the "Cardon" or "Cardon Grande." The northernmost Cardons occur in the vicinity of Hamilton Ranch and on the San Quintin Plain. Another conspicuous cactus, the Senita (Cereus schott'i), reaches its northern limit in Baja California in this general vicinity. At San Quintin, average rainfall is approximately 5 inches an- nually, and increases northward to approximately 9 inches at Ensenada (Beal, 1948). Southward, rainfall decreases rapidly, though coastal fogs are of common occurrence on the Vizcaino Desert and farther south. The terraces and plains in the general vicinity of San Quintin and El Rosario are areas characterized by a markedly more mesic climate and biota than the harsh environments both southward and in the interior. As has been pointed out. the manner in which the two subspecies of C. enyo differ most conspicuously is in the degree of difference in amount of melanin. C. enyo enyo is light colored, and C. enyo furvus is dark colored. The darker form occurs on darker soils and in an environ- ment of higher moisture levels and less extreme diurnal and seasonal temperature fluctuation. All these factors are in contrast with those in the habitat of C. enyo enyo. Little has been recorded of the behavior of C. enyo. Klauber (1931) states: "Both island specimens (San Francisco and Carmen Islands) contained mammal remains, and observations on captive specimens and character of the eye are indicative of largely nocturnal habits. A speci- men 608 mm. in length collected March 22, contained eggs." The type was captured by tracking it at noonday to the mouth of a small rodent burrow where the snake was found resting with part of its 58 San Diego Society of Natural History coils in the sunlight. When first observed, it remained motionless and did not rattle. It blended perfectly with the dark soil background and would not have been seen at all had not its track betrayed its presence. The snake was not extremely vicious, nor was it as docile as are most individuals of C. r. ruber upon capture. A specimen of C. enyo enyo, captured alive 1.6 miles west of San Ignacio, was very difficult to see lying across the rocky road. Its light background color, matching effectively, concealed the animal. When this specimen was shown to Mexicans at San Ignacio, they told us it was most commonly found in rocky areas. C. enyo, in this more southerly area, appears to occupy a markedly different microenvironment than does C. e. furvus to the north. On June 21, 1949, at dusk, the following temperatures were recorded for the adult specimen from near San Ignacio: cloacal temperature, 29.7°C; air temperature (1 cm. above the ground), 27.5°C; soil surface, 32.1°C. Acknowledgments Our studies of the herpetofauna of Baja California have been greatly facilitated by Mr. C. M. Goethe of Sacramento, California, Mr. Joseph R. Slevin of the California Academy of Sciences, Dr. Laurence M. Klauber of the San Diego Society of Natural History, and Drs. Ray- mond B. Cowles and the late Adriaan J. van Rossem of the University of California, Los Angeles. We are especially indebted to Dr. Cowles and Mr. Goethe for assistance in our field work conducted in Baja Cali- fornia during 1949, during which time Crotalus enyo furvus was first found. Drs. Howard K. Gloyd, Laurence M. Klauber, and Carl L. Hubbs have read manuscript and gave many helpful suggestions that have been incorporated. Fig. 2 was drawn by Mr. Donald B. Sayner of the Uni- versity of Arizona. Lowe-Norris — Herpetofauna of Baja California 59 Literature Cited Beal, C. H. 1948. Reconnaissance of the geology and oil possibilities of Baja California, Mexico. Geol. Soc. Amer., Memoir Series, No. 31, x -f 138 pp., 11 pis. Glovd, H. K. 1940. The rattlesnakes, genera Sistrurus and Crotalus. A study in zoogeography and evolution. Chicago Acad. Sci., Special Publ., No. 4, tables I-XXII, 6 figs., 22 maps, 31 pis. Klauber, L. M. 1931. Crotalus tigris and Crotalus enyo, two little known rattle- snakes of the Southwest. Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. 6, No. 24, pp. 353-370, 2 figs., 1 map. 1952. Taxonomic studies of the rattlesnakes of mainland Mexico. Bull. Zool. Soc. San Diego, No. 26:1-143. Maerz. A., and Paul, M. R. 1930. A dictionary of color. New York, McGraw Hill Co., Inc. 60 San Diego Society of Natural History o 5=S -° *?. tU OS ^ — < ^ U ir\ 00 " * 4-1 (/> o : ^oo — ' _c >-. W"\ : V.U-; r top 2 cti 9 oi . 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California. d u os O Z < o N z o u < 1- < z p LICHANURA ROSEOFUSCA GRACIA CHILOMENISCUS CINCTUS CHILOMENISCUS SAVAGEI ■■ • ■ CHILOMENISCUS PUNCTATISSIMUS HYPSIGLENA TORQUATA GULARIS HVPSIGLENA TORQUATA OCHRORHYNCHA X •• HYPSIGLENA TORQUATA TORTUGAENSIS X HYPSIGLENA TORQUATA VENUSTA X X .. .. X LAMPROPELTIS CATALINENSIS E •• MASTICOPHIS BARBOURI MASTICOPHIS BILINEATUS V X MASTICOPHIS FLAGELLUM PICEUS X X X • X V V X PHYLLORHYNCHUS ARENICOLA SALVADORA HEXALEPIS HEXALEPIS X SALVADORA HEXALEPIS KLAUBERI SONORA MOSAUERI MICRUROIDES EURYXANTHUS X CROTALUS ATROX X CROTALIIS CATALINENSIS E • • CROTALUS ENYO CERRALVENSIS •• CROTALUS ENYO ENYO X X CROTALUS MITCHELLI MITCHELLI X X •• •• X X •• CROTALUS MITCHELLI MUERTENSIS CROTALUS MITCHELLI PYRRHUS X CROTALUS MOLOSSUS ESTEBANENSIS F CROTALUS MOLOSSUS MOLOSSUS X CROTALUS RUBER LUCASENSIS CROTALUS RUBER RUBER X V x •• •• X X •• CROTALUS TORTUGENSIS E Cliff — Snakes of the Gulf Islands 95 Fig. 1. Gulf of California, showing principal islands. Based on Charts No. 620, 621, 1006, U. S. Hydrographic Office. 96 San Diego Society of Natural History Plate 6, Fig. 3. Photograph of Crotalus enyo cerralvensis. Holotype (SU 14021). Cliff — Snakes of thl Gulf Islands Hi 4 . ' ' : ft V; ^^* , ► 'I*?*' '■' "\m L*+r~ %3>^ " jt& *"*fc-« Plate 7, Fig. 4. Photograph of Crotalus catalinensis. Holotype (SU 15631.) TRANSACTIONS OF THE SAN DIEGO SOCIETY OF NATURAL HISTORY Volume 12, No. 6, pp. 99-102 February 10, 195 5 A NEW RACE OF DIPODOMYS AND A NEW RACE OF THOMOMYS FROM ARIZONA BY Laurence M. Huey Curator of Birth ami Mammals, San Diego Society of Natural History Over a period of years there has been accumulated in the mammal collection of the San Diego Society of Natural History a series of specimens of Dipodomys deserti from southcentral Arizona and of Thomomys bottae from desert ranges in western Arizona bordering the Colorado River. The study of this material reveals sufficient characters in two geographic populations to indicate them as worthy of de- scriptions and new names. The Dipodomys may be known as Dipodomys deserti arizonae subsp. nov. Arizona Desert Kangaroo Rat Type. — From 3 miles southeast of Picacho, Pinal County, Arizona; No. 12 5 32 Collection of the San Diego Society of Natural History; adult male, collected by Laurence M. Huey, May 14, 1937. Characters. — Compared with Dipodomys deserti deserti, D. d. arizonae is grayish in color instead of buffy; it has a well marked undertail stripe in most specimens examined. The skull is smaller, with noticeably more rounded, inflated bullae and with a more slender rostrum. The maxillary arches of D. d. arizonae are more sharply angled with the axis of the skull than in either Dipodomys deserti sonoriensis or D. d deserti. Compared with D. d. sonoriensis, D. d. arizonae is lighter in color dorsally, with a tinge of buffy suffusion on the sides that is not present on the specimens of D. d. sonoriensis examined. The skull of D. d. arizonae differs from that of D. d. sonoriensis in having more rounded and massive bullae, heavier molar teeth, and wider maxillary arches. Measurements of type. — Total length, 345; tail, 193; hind foot, 52; ear, 14. Skull: Greatest length, 45.3; width across bullae, 30.8; spread PS. C^P. ZSOL uimm ft 9 * 3 1955 i- sri" i r^n 100 San Diego Society of Natural History of maxillary arches, 2 3.7; greatest length of nasals, 16.2; width of maxillary arch at middle, 6.5. Remarks. — Specimens of the race herewith named were first reported in 1937, from the Picacho area by Willett (Jour. Mamm. 18: 101). Since that year the writer has, at every opportunity, collected specimens of this species. Prior to and during this period, 139 skins and skulls have been accumulated from localities in Death Valley, Inyo County, California, and from southern Nevada southward to San Felipe, Baja California, Mexico, on the western side of the Colorado River, and from southwestern Arizona to Kino Bay, Sonora, Mexico, on the eastern side of the river. This assemblage has revealed interesting range boundaries and variations in several characters of this large Kangaroo rat. Oddly enough, the largest development in size has been found in the population living near Welton in the extremely arid southwestern section of Arizona. The further collection of specimens of comparable age may reveal this population to differ from the population of the Mojave desert region of California from whence the nominate race was named. Range and specimens examined. — D. d. arizonae: — Arizona: 3 miles southeast of Picacho, Pinal Co., 18 (Type locality); 11 miles west of Casa Grande, Pinal Co., 11; 10 miles south of Gila Bend, Maricopa Co., 3 (not typical); 7 miles east of Papago Well, Pima Co., 2 (not typical). D. d. sonoriensis — Mexico: Kino Bay, Sonora, 10. D. d. desert/ — Mexico: Punta Penascosa, Sonora, 17. Arizona: Old quarry near Yuma, 1; 6 miles east of Yuma, 1; south end of Tule Desert, Yuma Co., 1; Quitovaquito, Pima Co., 1; Welton, Yuma Co., 20. Nevada: Coyote Spring, Lincoln Co., 1. California: Mesquite Flat, 8 miles north of Stovepipe Well, Death Valley, 2; Mesquite Spring, north end of Death Valley, 6; 4 miles north of Keeler, Inyo Co., 6; Mojave River, San Bernardino Co., 1 (topotype) ; Whitewater, San Gorgonio Pass, Riverside Co., 1; Palm Springs, Riverside Co., 2; Borego Valley, San Diego Co., 4; La Puerta Valley, San Diego Co., 10; Carrizo Creek, San Diego Co., 3; Laguna, Colorado Desert (Imperial Co.), 2; Coyote Wells, Colorado Desert (Imperial Co.), 1; 1 mile west of Pilot Knob, Imperial Co., 1. Mexico: De Mara's Well, Laguna Salada, Baja California, 5; 40 miles north of San Felipe, Baja California, 1; 30 miles north of San Felipe, Baja California, 1 ; San Felipe, Baja California, 7. The Thomomys may be known as Thomomys bottae cedrinus subsp. nov. Chemehuevis Mountain Pocket Gopher Type. — From summit of Crossman Peak, (Juniper — Pifion Belt), Chemehuevis Mountains, Mohave County, Arizona; No. 13161 Collection of the San Diego Society of Natural History; adult female; collected by Laurence M. Huey, April 27, 193 8. Huey — New Race of Dipodomys and Thomomys 101 Characters. — Compared with Thomomys bottae desertorwm, its near- est comparatum, which abounds in the valley floor regions to the north and east of the Chemehuevis Mountains, T . b. cedrinus is smaller in size and more brightly colored dorsally. The upper parts are bright deeply shaded buff, which extends well down onto the sides. There is a sprinkling of blackish hairs on the upper median surface. The undercoat is dark bluish-gray. The muzzle and fairly large auricular areas are black. The ears are small. The skull differs from that of T. h. dcscrtonim in being slightly smaller and lighter boned, with zygomatic arches less sharply angled from the axis of the skull; they broaden in spread anteriorly. The rostrum is more slender and auditory bullae are larger and more roundly inflated. Measurements. — Type: Total length, 182; tail, 53; hind foot, 24; ear, 4. Skull: Greatest length, 34.0; spread of maxillary arches 20.2; length of nasals, 12.1; interorbital constriction, 6.7; alveolar length of upper molar series, 8.1. Range. — So far as is now known, from the summit and north slope of Crossman Peak, Chemehuevis Mountains, to the vicinity of the Lucky Star Mine on the lower slopes of the range, all within the Juniper- Pirion Belt. Remarks. — This newly named race is a dwarf mountain-top gopher. It is found living in shallow rocky soils within the pinon-juniper area of this desert mountain range. Specimens examined. — T. b. cedrinus: Summit of Crossman Peak, 4 (including type) ; Lucky Star Mine, 4. T. b. desertorum: 1 mile south of Yucca, Mohave Co., 1; 3 miles south of Yucca, Mohave Co., 2; 12 miles south of Yucca, Mohave Co., 3 (all collected in a sandy, desert valley — cactus — yucca association). Thomomys bottae desitus: Wickiup (Big Sandy River), Mohave Co., 13. Thomomys bottae hualpaiensis: Democrat Mine, Hualpai Mountains, Mohave Co., 14. 102 San Diego Society of Natural History TRANSACTIONS OF THE SAN DIEGO SOCIETY OF NATURAL HISTORY Volume XII. No. 7, pp. 103-152. Plates 8-11 A REVISION OF THE PACIFIC COAST PHYTOSI WITH A REVIEW OF THE FOREIGN GENERA (COLEOPTERA: STAPHYLINIDAE) BY Ian Moore BUS. «. Z00£ El Cajoir, California LIMY MAR 2 3 1956 - wmim 1 SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA Printed for the Society March 1, 1956 COMMITTEE ON PUBLICATION Laurence M. Klauber, Chairman Joshua L. Baily Charles C. Haines Carl L. Hubbs John A. Comstock, Editor MAR 2 , Table of Contents Page . Introduction 107 Acknowledgments 108 Material Examined 108 Subtribe Phytosi 108 Ecology 110 Characters of Generic Value 110 Key to the Genera of the Subtribe Phytosi 115 Systematic Treatment of the Pacific Coast Genera 116 Liparocepbalus 116 Diaulota 119 Amblopusa 127 Bryobiota ..129 Bryothinusa •. 131 Tbinusa 132 The Foreign Genera 135 Pbytosus 135 Cameronium -. 137 Baeostetbus 137 Antarctophytosus 139 Bibliography 140 Index of Figures 145 A REVISION OF THE PACIFIC COAST PHYTOSI WITH A REVIEW OF THE FOREIGN GENERA (COLEOPTERA: STAPHYLINIDAE) by Ian Moore INTRODUCTION The present study is an effort to assemble in one paper as much as could be discovered about one small group of genera of the Aleocharinae, a poorly organized subfamily of staphylinid beetles. The very large number of mi- nute insects which are grouped together in this subfamily are represented in a great variety of environmental situations by an almost innumerable num- ber of individuals. In spite of their abundance, the members of this sub- family are probably the least known of any large group of insects. Black- welder stated that "Many thousands of species have been described, but comparatively few generic revisions have been published, and no adequate key to the genera has been proposed," and characterizes the situation as ". . . what appears now to be a hopeless chaos. . ."* From the foregoing remarks it would seem that any effort to assemble material and redescribe even a small number of these genera would be of some help toward a later reclassification of the subfamily. In the present study, this appears to be particularly true, because a number of characters have been discovered in the material at hand that are not recorded in the literature. Whether the association of the genera treated here is a true phylogenetic one is open to question, and is beyond the scope of the present paper. This problem can be attacked only in a much more comprehensive study than the present available collection and library permit. The ten genera discussed in this paper have in the past been associated by various authors in the subtribe Phytosi of the tribe Bolitocharini of the subfamily Aleocharinae. I was first introduced to this interesting group of marine insects by the late Edwin C. Van Dyke during a collecting trip to Moss Beach, California, in the fall of 1950. Later, while attempting to identify some species of Diaulota from Southern California, considerable difficulty was encountered which led eventually to the assembling of the material which forms the basis for this review of the group. Due to lack of material, it is not possible to present a complete revision of the foreign genera. However, for comparative purposes, these genera are included and some discussion of the species is attempted. *Blackwelder, R. E. 1943. Monograph of the West Indian beetles of the family Staphy- linidae. U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 182, pp. 1-658. 108 San Diego Society of Natural History ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The opportunity to examine the material in the collections of the Cali- fornia Academy of Sciences at San Francisco was generously extended by Hugh B. Leech, Curator of Coleoptera of that institution. Through the kindness of C. M. F. Von Hayek and E. B. Britton, I have been able to borrow a number of specimens from the British Museum. I wish particularly to acknowledge my indebtedness to Mildred H. Meeder, librarian of the San Diego Scientific Library, for very considerable aid in obtaining publica- tions and photostats of publications not available in San Diego, and to Arthur H. Fischer, Director, and Charles Harbison, Curator of Insects of the San Diego Museum of Natural History, for allowing me unlimited use of the facilities of that institution. Richard E. Blackwelder of the United States National Museum has kindly compared specimens of one species with Casey's type and has given other aid. Samuel G. Harter has been of very con- siderable help and a very congenial companion on several collecting trips, on one of which he found the first specimens of one of the new species de- scribed here. Helen Moore has spent a great deal of time typing the manu- script. Above all else, I will always be indebted to the late Edwin C. Van Dyke for encouragement and assistance on many occasions. MATERIAL EXAMINED The very excellent series lent to me by Leech from the collections of the California Academy of Sciences contains all the material in this group from the Fenyes, Van Dyke, Blaisdell and Martin collections, as well as some slide preparations by E. S. Ross and by F. L. Rodgers. This material has been augmented by a fairly large series of a number of the California species collected by myself since 1950 and, except for the types and certain desig- nated paratypes, at present in my own collection. Additional specimens which were lent by the British Museum brought the total number of speci- mens studied to about one thousand. SUBTRIBE PHYTOSI Pbytos7is was the first described of the ten genera now placed in this subtribe. It was first recorded by Curtis from England in 1838. A number of species of Phytosns have since been described from widespread localities in the northern hemisphere. None is known from the Pacific Coast of North America.* Two species of Cameronium are known from the east coast of *The name Phytosus opacus LeConte is listed in the Leng catalogue and is retained in the supplements, although the species is also listed there, correctly as Potitamalofa opaca (LeConte). This error has been copied in the supplement to the Coleopterorum Catalogus. Moore — Pacific Coast Phytosi 109 Africa. The genera Antarctophytosus Waterhouse and Baeostethns Broun are known only from the antarctic area. Three species of Liparocephalus Maklin have been described from the north Pacific. The remaining four genera described by Casey are all known only from the pacific coast of North America. The species of this subtribe have in common the fact that they are all closely associated with the marine environment, either living on the seashore or in the intertidal belt. The following characters are com- mon to all the genera examined, but have not been verified in Baeostethus. 1. Middle coxae contiguous, the mesosternal and metasternal processes acute and their apices separated from each other by about one-third of the length of the coxal cavities. 2. Labial palpi either two- or three-segmented, short, never as long as the mandibles. 3. Mandibles simple at tip. 4. Tarsi short. Anterior and middle tarsi four-segmented, posterior tarsi five-segmented. Last tarsal segment as long at least as the preceding two together. First segment usually no longer than the second but never longer than the second and third together. The character of the contiguous middle coxal cavities appears to separate these genera from most other bolitocharids.* Not all authors define this character in the same manner. I consider the cavities separated only if the mesosternal process meets or nearly meets the metasternal process or if the apices of these processes are separated only by a distinct intercoxal plate. In the Phytosi both processes are acute and distinctly separated from one another by about one-third of the length of the coxal cavities. The two coxal cavities are in reality divided only by a sharp ridge which is usually not visible. Fenyes did not follow previous workers but divided the tribe in a dif- ferent way so that these genera fell into two separate subtribes, the Liparo- cephali (including Actocharis, Amblopusa, Antarctophytosus, Diaulota, and Liparocephalus) and the Phytosf (including Arena, Baeostethus, Bryo- biota, Bryothimisa, Phytosus, Poly pea, and Thinusa) . He based this division on the supposed segmentation of the labial palpi. The inclusion of Actocharis and Polypea is not in accordance with the classification of Bernhauer and Scheerpeltz, who placed the former with the Oxytelinae and the latter with the Mylaenini. As these two genera have not been seen, no attempt is *The only exceptions known to me are certain species of Placusa, which can be sep- arated by the structure of the posterior tarsi. 110 San Diego Society of Natural History made here to determine their true relationships. Cameron has demonstrated that Arena belongs with the Myrmedoniini. ECOLOGY It is of interest that at least four of the Pacific Coast genera of this subtribe, Amblopusa, Bryothinusa, Liparocephalus, and Diaulota, are among the very few insects which inhabit the intertidal belt of the ocean. The remaining genera apparently occur only on the seashore, largely in decay- ing seaweed. Detailed illustrations of the larvae of Liparocephalus and Diaulota were published by Chamberlin and Ferris and by Saunders. Keen gave some information about the habits of Liparocephalus at the Queen Charlotte Islands. Nothing is known of the early stages of Bryobiota, Thinusa, Bryothinusa, Amblopusa and Baeostethus, but the larva of Phyto- sus was described by Fauvel and that of Antarctophytosns by Enderlein. CHARACTERS OF GENERIC VALUE To anyone reviewing the literature of this group of insects, it will be apparent that of the few characters which have been given generic value, several have been interpreted in different ways by different workers. In order to avoid confusion in the use of this paper, it seems worthwhile to discuss these characters and explain their use by the present author. Labrum. — The anterior margin of the labrum may be rounded, arcuate, truncate, emarginate, or bilobed. When it is rounded, it is evenly so; when it is arcuate, the sides turn rather abruptly back from the apex. It is con- sidered truncate if there is a considerable straight central edge, even if the outer angles are slightly rounded. It is emarginate if the outer angles are produced anteriorly to the central edge. When it is bilobed, the central edge is acutely notched in the middle. In Thinusa, this notch is filled with a dark membrane on a slightly more ventral plane. Mandibles, — The mandibles may be in one plane, or they may be arched gradually downward in the apical half, a condition I have referred to as "curved ventrally." Often, on one or on both mandibles, there is a median tooth at the inner edge about halfway between the base and the apex. In Amblopusa, Bryothinusa, and Liparocephalus there are also serrations be- tween the median tooth and the tip. Baeostethus is said to have three inner teeth on each mandible. Maxillae. — The very striking variations in the inner and outer lobes of the maxillae are probably constant generically. When better known, these parts may prove to be quite useful in the classification of the genera. Un- fortunately, these characters could not be fully investigated in the present Moore — Pacific Coast Phytosi 111 study, because some of the genera have been seen only in loan material which could not be dissected. Labial palpi. — It has been pointed out by several authors that the num- ber of segments of the labial palpi in many groups of Staphylinidae is an inconstant and unreliable character, variable even within some species. How- ever, this character has been used extensively in separating genera and even higher groups. Within the Phytosi, as pointed out by Chamberlin and Ferris, the genus Diaulota shows considerable variation: some specimens of a species have only 2 segments, whereas in others the basal segment is divided into two, making 3 segments in all. I have observed that in the genera in which the labial palpi are always three-segmented, the basal segment is always the widest as well as the longest. In the genera in which either condition may exist, the three-segmented condition is brought about by a division of the basal segment of the two-segmented palpus, so that segments one and two are of nearly equal width, and segment one is always the shorter. If the relative widths and lengths of the segments are recorded, a great deal of confusion can be avoided. The labial palpi of Antarctophytosus, Bryothinusa and Liparocephalm are similar in structure to those of Diaulota. Although I have observed only the three-segmented condition in Antarctophytosus, Dr. Cameron describes the palpi as two-segmented in Paraphytosus, a synonym of that genus. In Liparocephalus I know only the two-segmented condition but have seen both types in Bryothinusa. In the remaining genera the labial palpi are apparently always three-segmented. Casey described Amblopusa as having two-segmented labial palpi, but his descriptions of the widths and lengths of the segments leads me to believe that the third segment was broken off his specimen (see accompanying illustration of A. borealis Casey from the Fenyes Collection) . Ligula. — The ligula is often difficult or impossible to observe in museum specimens. In most of the phytosids it is moderately developed and slender. In some species of Diaulota it is so small that it might be considered wanting. In Thinusa and Cameronium the ligula is bifid (perfectly Y- shaped), a condition found in many other aleocharinids but unknown in the other phytosids. Mentum. — The mentum is trapezoidal, widest at its base, and either truncate anteriorly or moderately or deeply emarginate. Eyes. — The eyes are never prominent, seldom interrupting the side margin of the head. They vary greatly in size. They are minute in Am- blopusa and Baeostethus (with as few as 3 separate facets in Amblopusa brevipes Casey). In Thinusa they occupy more than half the side of the 112 San Diego Society of Natural History head. In most of the genera setae are interspersed with the facets. In others, Liparocephalus for example, there are no such setae. Antennae. — The antennae present some differences in the relative lengths and widths of the segments. The most useful of these characters are the very short third segment in Amblopusa and the very long tenth segment in Bryothinusa. The relative length of the antennae, as compared with that of the head, pronotum, and elytra, is often used to separate species and sometimes even genera. Because the antennae do not usually lie straight back over these parts, and it is very difficult to so arrange them, such estimates can be inaccurate and should therefore be used with care. Infraorbital ridge. — This ridge is quite variable in the Phytosi, and, although apparently always lacking in some genera and always well de- veloped in others, in some species of Diaidota it may be either entirely lack- ing or moderately developed basally. The phrase "temples margined be- neath" is often used to refer to the presence of this ridge. Pronotum. — The differences in the shape of the pronotum are largely only specific in value and often not that. In the center of the disc Bryobiota has a longitudinal impression that is not found in the other genera. Hypomera. — The hypomera is always visible from the side in the Phytosi but in Liparocephalus it is extremely small and hard to see. Casey used its shape for separating some genera, but I am unable to make such an application. Prosternum. — This is difficult to observe in museum specimens. The small differences I have been able to observe do not seem to have much generic value. Elytra. — The numerous minor variations in shape and size seem to be largely specific differences. In Thinusa the outer edge is much longer than the suture. Tibiae. — In most of the genera, the tibiae are clothed by a long sparse pubescence. In Phytosus (Pbytosus) , Phytosus (Actostis) , and Thinusa the anterior and middle tibiae possess, in addition to the usual pubescence, sev- eral series of long setae. The setae, although usually referred to as spines, are not direct extensions of the chitinous integuments and each has a dis- tinct articulation at the base. They are several times the diameter of the pubescence which is interspersed with them. Tarsi. — Any discussion of the tarsi brings up the problem of the major classification of the Aleocharinae. The present classification is based largely on the number of segments possessed by the tarsi. In the tribe Bolitocharini, of which the Phytosi is treated as constituting a subtribe, the tarsal seg- Moore — Pacific Coast Phytosi 113 merits are supposed to number 4 on the anterior and middle legs and 5 on the posterior. By many authors, this tarsal classification is considered not to indicate true relationships but merely to be a matter of convenience. Actually, it is often a matter of great inconvenience. The very small size of the insects, coupled with the peculiar structure and often dense vestiture of the tarsi, makes the counting of the segments difficult and often very doubtful. Many genera have been switched back and forth from one tribe to another by different students because of the different counts arrived at. This situation undoubtedly accounts for some of the confusion surrounding the classification of the subfamily. It seems likely that a truly phylogenetic classification will be arrived at only when other characters are utilized in conjunction with the tarsal structure. Another difficulty is indicated by the observation of Chamberlin and Ferris that in one species of Diaulota the posterior tarsi in the majority of specimens studied are reduced to 4 seg- ments. They state that "The proportions of the segments and the arrange- ment of the setae indicate that the four-segmented condition arises from a fusion of the normal fourth and fifth segments." The following charac- teristics seem to be of value in distinguishing the genera of the Phytosi. The anterior tarsi are short and compact in Amblopusa. In Baeostethus they are said to be so compact and so densely setose that the basal segments are not readily visible. The unique spatulate plantar setae of the posterior tarsi of Liparocephahis have been pointed out by Chamberlin and Ferris. Varia- tions in the relative lengths of the tarsal segments have been used to sep- arate some genera of the tribe. In Thinusa certain such variations were given specific value by Casey, but according to Fenyes' synonomy of that genus, these variations would be intraspecific. Metasternum. — In Phytosus and some of the other genera the meta- sternum is long, so that there is a considerable separation of the middle from the hind coxae. In Diaulota, Liparocephahis, and Baeostethus the metaster- num is so reduced in length that the coxae are placed together in a compact group. This is a very distinctive character which indicates, along with other structural similarities, the close relationship between Diaulota and Liparo- cephahis. Basal impressions of the tergites. — In the key that follows, consider- able use has been made of the presence or absence of transverse impressions near the bases of certain tergites. The number of tergites having such im- pressions is fairly constant within the limits of the genera, with some ex- ceptions (the two known exceptions in this subtribe are Thinusa and Diau- lota). My understanding of this character is as follows. A tergite is said to 114 San Diego Society of Natural History be impressed at the base if, at the anterior margin, there is an unbounded transverse groove which extends nearly to the lateral edge. The impression will be just posterior to a raised line (the antecostal suture) which delin- eates the portion of the tergite (the acrotergite) that normally is beneath the free posterior edge of the preceding tergite. The impression should not be confused with the antecostal suture or with the acrotergite. When pres- ent, the impressions are visible only in the proper light, so that often a speci- men must be rotated in the light in order to cast a shadow in the impression. The impressions are not ordinarily visible in slide preparations. When pres- ent, it seems to be invariable that all visible anterior tergites will be im- pressed up to a certain number, so that if, for example, tergite number three is impressed, tergites number one and two will also be impressed. These basal impressions seem to be of wide occurrence in the Aleocharinae. The number of segments impressed has been used extensively in classification and is usually given generic significance. However, sometimes the last impressed tergite is so faintly impressed as to be easily overlooked in a count and the number is subject to variation within some species. In Diaulota densissima Casey the fourth tergite is definitely not impressed in some specimens, whereas in others there is a faint impression. Under these circumstances this character even though very convenient and often easily used, must be em- ployed with care. Constriction of the sternites — This character is difficult to observe, since it is very similar to the basal impressions of the tergites. The first four visible sternites are constricted on Phytosus, Amblopusa, and Bryobiota. The first two of these genera have five impressed tergites, and the last one four so impressed. When the insect is viewed from the side, it will be seen that the constriction of the base of the sternite is exactly opposite the impres- sion on the tergite, so that together they form, around the segment, a ring that is interrupted only by the paratergites. In Amblopusa the paratergites are obviously affected also. These two structural modifications very likely have a common cause or function, possibly allowing greater flexibility of the abdomen. I have not observed this constriction in any of the remaining seven genera, although some have strong basal impressions of the tergites. Sexual characters. — External differences between the sexes are very weak in this group of insects. No differences have been observed in Bryothi- nusa, Bryobiota and Thinusa. In Diaulota and Liparocephalus a modification of the apical margin of the sixth sternite offers some characters of specific value. In the female of Liparocephalus brevipennis Maklin I have discovered some very striking modifications of the fifth and sixth tergites. These are Moore — Pacific Coast Phytosi 115 shown in the drawing of that species. Various degrees of enlargement of the head in males of some species of Diaulota and Liparocephalus are apparently intraspecific variations. The following key is presented in the hope that it may be of aid to students, in spite of the fact that characters could not always be chosen that are most readily visible in museum specimens. The fact that Baeostethus has not been seen and that certain characters have not been recorded in the original description of it has added to the difficulty of composing the key. Only two subgenera of Phytosus have been included. The characterization of Phytosus s. s. and Actosus are based entirely on P. (Phytosus) spinifer Curtis, P. (Actosus) nigriventris (Chevrolat) and P. (Actosus) balticus Kraatz. The other two proposed subgenera of Phytosus, Euphytosus Bern- hauer and Scheerpeltz and Anopsrsus Bernhauer have not been seen and probably do not belong here. The former is too incompletely described to permit its inclusion. If Anopsisus is actually a Diglotta, as Koch says it probably is, then the original description is certainly very poor. KEY TO THE GENERA OF THE SUBTRIBE PHYTOSI A. Anterior and middle tibiae spinose externally. B. Fifth tergite impressed at base; ligula simple. C. Elytra considerably longer than pronotum; metasternum long Phytosus (Phytosus) CC. Elytra not or very little longer than pronotum; metasternum short Phytosus (Actosus) BB. Fifth tergite not impressed at base; ligula bifid; metasternum short Thinusa AA. Tibiae not spinose externally; ligula simple. D. Anterior tarsi short, compact, so densely setose that the basal segments are not visible; mandibles with three internal teeth Baeostethus DD. Anterior tarsi usually as long as middle tarsi, not densely setose. E. No tergites impressed at base. F. Right mandible very minutely serrate between median tooth and tip, left simple; mentum truncate; body slender, parallel Bryothinusa FF. Both mandibles coarsely serrate between median tooth and tip; mentum emarginate; abdomen inflated, sides arcuate Liparocephalus EE. At least three tergites impressed at base. G. Fifth tergite impressed at base Amblopusa GG. Fifth tergite not impressed at base. H. Fourth tergite strongly impressed at base Antarctophytosus HH. Fourth tergite not (or very faintly) impressed at base. I. Base of head longitudinally impressed Bryobiota II. Base of head not longitudinally impressed. J. Metasternum long, hind coxae distant from middle coxae Cameroniutn JJ. Metasternum short, hind and middle coxae very approximate Diaulota 116 San Diego Society of Natural History LIPAROCEPHALUS Maklin Liparocephalus Maklin, 1853, p. 191; Casey, 1893, p. 353; Fenyes, 1918, p. 106; Cham- berlin and Ferris, 1929, p. 143; Blackwelder, 1936 (various figures to parts of adult). Generitype. — Liparocepbalus brevipennh Maklin. Diagnosis. — Body broad, inflated, somewhat convex. Head variable. Labrum wide, truncate or very shallowly emarginate. Mandibles with coarse serrations between median tooth and tip, not curved ventrally at tip. Men- turn deeply emarginate in central third, the emargination straight at bottom. Third segment of maxillary palpi subconical, widest at apex; fourth narrow and short. Inner lobe of maxilla broad at base, pointed at apex, densely setose within; outer lobe broad with a dense brush of setae internally at tip. Labial palpi two-segmented; first segment four times as long as wide; second half as wide as first and little more than half as long; palpi separated at base by width of first segment. Ligula simple, slender, a little less than half as long as first segment of labial palpi. Eyes moderately large, occupying about one- third of side of head; hairless between facets. Antennae with all segments elongate. Pronotum variable. Anterior margin of prosternum straight. Hypomera very small but visible from the side. Elytra short, not more than half the length of pronotum; internal apical angles rounded. Tibiae pubes- cent. Plantar setae of posterior tarsi spatulate. Abdomen inflated, arcuate at sides; without impressions at base of tergites; sternites not constricted at base. Remarks. — This genus is recognizable at a glance by the inflation of the abdomen. It differs from all but Amblopusa and Bryothinusa in the ser- rate mandibles, but it is indicated by a number of more important characters to be most closely allied to Diaulota. The spatulate plantar setae of the hind tarsi have been observed in none of the other genera. Three species have been described; brevipennh Maklin from Alaska, cordicollis LeConte from Cali- fornia and takunagai Sakaguti from Japan. The latter is apparently very similar to cordicollis but is said to differ in the non-dehiscent sutural margin of the elytra. Judging from an illustration given by Sakaguti it also differs from our species in the male secondary sexual characters. Cordicollis has been variously considered a full species, a subspecies of brevipennis, and a synonym of that species. In the material examined by me I find two quite distinct species, one from Alaska and the other ranging from British Colum- bia south to San Luis Obispo County, California. I believe these to be the two previously described North American species, although my determina- tions do not agree with those of most former students. In former keys, color Moore — Pacific Coast Phytosi 117 has been used to separate the species. My series shows that the color is quite variable and is completely unreliable in separating the species. The size and shape of the head is also extremely variable. The secondary sexual characters provide such positive means of identification in both sexes that these have been chosen for the new key. KEY TO THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF LIPAROCEPHALUS MAKLIN A. Median lobe of sixth sternite of male shorter than lateral lobes; apical margin of fifth tergite of female broadly emarginate brevipennis AA. Median lobe of sixth sternite of male longer than lateral lobes; apical margin of fifth tergite of female straight cordicollis Liparocephalus brevipennis Maklin Liparocephalus brevipennis Maklin, 185 3, p. 192. Description. — Densely piceous to dark reddish brown; integuments densely granulose; clothed in a short dense pubescence which is densest on the head; distinctly and rather closely punctured throughout. Head about as wide as long; narrower than pronotum. Eyes moderate in size, occupy- ing not more than one-third of side of head. Temples margined beneath the eyes. Antennae about as long as head and pronotum; segments one to eight elongate, nine and ten very little longer than wide, eleventh elongate. Lab- rum broadly and feebly emarginate in a continuous arc. Pronotum a little wider than long, widest at apical third; sides arcuate to hind angles which are not sinuate; base narrower than apex. Each elytron about as wide as long and about half the length of pronotum; internal apical angles broadly rounded. Abdomen broadly inflated, with arcuate sides; no tergites im- pressed at base; sternites not constricted. Male with sixth sternite pro- duced apically in three rounded lobes, the median lobe shortest; fifth ter- gite straight at apex. Female with sixth sternite arcuate apically; apical margin of fifth tergite strongly emarginate with a small, broad arcuate lobe in the center of the emargination;, sixth tergite with a longitudinal ridge for its full length. Length about 3.5 mm. Type locality. — "In insula Chtaguluk ad castellum Constantinovsk," Alaska. J. B. Tompkins of the Bancroft Library at Berkeley, California, has kindly located that island for me under the present name of Hinchin- brook Island in Prince William Sound in southern Alaska. Additional published records. — Unalaska, Alaska. Other records are doubtful because most identifications have been based on color. 118 San Diego Society of Natural History Material examined. — Nine specimens of both sexes in the Blaisdell Col- lection (C.A.S.) from Dutch Harbor, Unalaska, Alaska, and five from the same series in the Fenyes Collection. Remarks. — This species is quite distinct from the one I identify as cordicollis LeConte and can easily be separated from it by the secondary sexual characters of both sexes. The specimens collected by Blaisdell at Dutch Harbor are the only ones I have seen. If this is not brevipennis, it is unnamed. Liparocephalus cordicollis LeConte Liparocephalus cordicollis LeConte, 1880, p. 177; Chamberlin and Ferris, 1929, p. 154 (figures of adult, part). Liparocephalus brevipennis Keen, 1897, Fig. 35; Saunders, 1928, p. 542 (figures of adult and larva), Chamberlin and Ferris, 1929, p. 143. Description. — Densely piceous to dark brown; integuments densely granulose throughout; clothed in a short dense pubescence, which is less apparent on the head; distinctly and rather closely punctured throughout. Head broader than or as broad as long, subquadrate to round; sides behind the eyes subparallel and straight for most of the length or gently arcuate. Eyes moderate, occupying about one-fourth of side of head. Antennae about as long as head and pronotum; all segments elongate. Labrum truncate. Mentum emarginate for central third; the emargination straight at bottom. Temples bordered beneath the eyes only at base of head. Pronotum a little wider than long, widest at apical third; sides arcuate to basal angles where they sometimes become sinuate; base narrower than apex. Each elytron about as long as wide and about half as long as pronotum. Abdomen broadly inflated, with sides arcuate; tergites not impressed; sternites not constricted. Male with sixth sternite produced apically in three lobes, the median lobe longest. Female with sixth sternite arcuate. Length about 4.0 mm. Type locality. — Mendocino, California. Recorded distribution. — Massett, Queen Charlotte Island, British Co- lumbia, to San Mateo County, California. Material examined. — I have examined 156 specimens: 17 from Massett, Queen Charlotte Island, British Columbia (Fenyes Collection, C.A.S.) ; 1 from Torino, Vancouver Island, British Columbia, collected by Spencer (C.A.S.) ; 4 from Indian River, British Columbia, H. B. Leech (C.A.S.) ; 8 from Vancouver, British Columbia, H. B. Leech (C.A.S.) ; 7 from Cannon Beach, Oregon, E. C. Van Dyke (C.A.S.) ; 2 from DePoe Bay, Oregon, E. S. Ross (C.A.S.) ; 1 from Bodega Bay, California, C. H. Hanna (C.A.S.) ; 1 Moore — Pacific Coast Phytosi 119 from San Francisco, California, F. L. Rodgers (C.A.S.) ; 7 from Moss Beach, San Mateo County, California, F. E. Blaisdell (Fenyes Collection, C.A.S. ), and 4 from the same locality, Ian Moore; 4 from Pigeon Point, San Mateo County, California, Ian Moore; 99 from Pacific Grove, Monterey County, California, Ian Moore; 1 from Piedras Blancas Point, San Luis Obispo Coun- ty, California, Ian Moore. My specimens were all collected in October and the others from May to July. Remarks. — It is possible that all records for this genus south of Alaska are based on this species. The great variability in color and in the shape and size of the head leads me to believe that most identifications as brevipennis are incorrect. Chamberlin and Ferris describe what they believe to be two species from Moss Beach based on "obvious differences" in the male genitalia. My own experience is that the male genitalia of cordicollis will appear simi- lar to either drawing given by them if viewed from different angles. DIAULOTA Casey Diaulota Casey, 1893, p. 354; Fenyes, 1918, p. 105; Chamberlin and Ferris, 1929, p. 155. Generitype. — Diaulota densissima Casey. Diagnosis. — Body elongate, subparallel with slightly inflated abdomen, subdepressed. Head variable. Labrum rounded. Mandibles asymmetrical, each with a median tooth, not curved ventrally. Mentum broadly, shallowly emarginate. Maxillary palpi with third segment subovoid; fourth segment moderately elongate, slender. Inner lobe of maxilla narrowed toward the tip, strongly setose within; outer lobe with dense brush of setae at tip. Labial palpi two- or three-segmented; first segment, or first two conjointly, four times as long as wide; last segment half as long and half as wide as first, or first two together; first segment, when palpus three-segmented, only half as long as second. Ligula minute, hardly visible between the palpi. Eyes small, occupying less than one-third of side of head. Antennae with first three segments elongate, ninth and tenth transverse. Pronotum variable. Anterior margin of prosternum arcuate. Elytra short, not more than half the length of pronotum. Tibiae pubescent. Tarsi with basal segments short, equal to second; last segment elongate. Abdomen slightly inflated posterior- ly; first three or four visible tergites impressed at base; sternites not con- stricted basally. Remarks. — As will be pointed out in the remarks following Amblo- pusa, that genus is quite distinct from Diaulota. Diaulota seems most closely 120 San Diego Society of Natural History allied to Liparocephalus in the very short metasternum, the short elytra, and particularly in the very close similarity of the labial palpi and the maxillae. It differs from Liparocephalus in the form of the mandibles, the impressed tergites, the very short ligula and many other characters, as pointed out by Chamberlin and Ferris. Until now, only one species of Dianlota has been known, D. densissima Casey, with its synonym, D. insolita Casey. There are in my collection four other species, which are described now. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF DIAULOTA CASEY A. Head densely piceous. B. Each elytron as long as wide; in each sex, head narrower than pronotum and anten- nae one-third longer than head densissima BB. Each elytron wider than long; in male, head as wide as pronotum and antennae al- most as long as head and pronotum fulviventris AA. Head transluscent, ferruginous. C. Head small, elongate, narrower than pronotum, narrowest near apex harteri CO Head large, as wide as or wider than pronotum. D. Each elytron shorter than wide; third antennal segment as long as second, very long and slender megacephala DD. Each elytron longer than wide; third antennal segment shorter than second, stout vandykei Diaulota densissima Casey Dianlota densissima Casey, 1893, p. 354; Saunders, 1928, p. 542 (figures of adult and larva) ; Chamberlin and Ferris, 1929, p. 157 (figures of adult and larva). Diaulota insolita Casey, 1893, p. 355. Description. — Body densely piceous above, beneath sometimes faintly paler; densely granulose, not shining; clothed in a short dense pubescence; finely densely punctured throughout, more coarsely on the abdomen. Head narrower than pronotum in both sexes, sides evenly arcuate. Antennae one- third longer than head in each sex. Eyes of about 3 5 facets. Temples strongly margined beneath the eyes. Pronotum a little longer than wide, widest near apical third; sides evenly arcuate to base and hardly sinuate; base defi- nitely narrower than apex. Elytra nearly as long as wide and nearly half as long as pronotum. Abdomen subparallel but inflated slightly pos- teriorly. First three tergites impressed at base, fourth sometimes with a very faint suggestion of an impression. Male with sixth sternite produced in the middle in a rounded triangular lobe and at the sides produced nearly as far posteriorly, the intervening areas deeply arcuate. Female with the sixth sternite arcuate posteriorly. Length 2.0-2.9 mm. Type locality. — Mainland opposite Fort Wrangel, Alaska. Moore — Pacific Coast Phytosi 121 Additional published records. — Moss Beach, San Mateo County, Cali- fornia; Nanaimo, Vancouver Island, British Columbia; Yakutat, Alaska. The male, a unique, was described as D. insolita by Casey from Queen Char- lotte Islands, British Columbia. Material examined. — Two females from Dutch Harbor, Unalaska (C.A.S.); 1 male and 1 female from Massett, Queen Charlotte Island, British Columbia (C.A.S.) ; 2 specimens in the British Museum from Metla- katla, "British Columbia" [Metlakatla is in southeastern Alaska], taken by J. H. Keen, labeled D. insolita; 6 females from Moss Beach, San Mateo County, California (C.A.S.) ; 1 female and 5 males from Moss Beach (Ian Moore); 7 females and 11 males from Pigeon Point, San Mateo County, California (Ian Moore); 110 females and 89 males from Pacific Grove, Monterey County, California (Ian Moore) . My specimens were all taken in November, 1954. Diaulota fulviventris new species Description of male holotype. — Densely piceous above, dark fulvous beneath; integuments densely granulose; clothed in a short, fine, dense pubescence throughout; very finely, densely punctured, more coarsely on the abdomen. Head round, as wide as pronotum; sides evenly arcuate. Antennae nearly as long as head and pronotum; first three segments elongate, each narrower and shorter than the preceding, fourth to seventh ovoid, eighth to tenth transverse, eleventh obconical. Eyes of about 3 5 facets. Temples strongly margined beneath the eyes. Pronotum as wide as long; sides evenly arcuate to hind angles which are slightly sinuate. Elytra con- siderably shorter than wide and very much less than half the length of pronotum. Abdomen somewhat inflated posteriorly; apex of sixth sternite produced medially in a small, rounded, triangular lobe; apical edge lateral to lobe hardly sinuate. Lateral lobe of Genitalia with enlarged apex produced at right angle to a short narrow stalk; median lobe with a small hook-like process at extremity. Length 1.7 mm. Allotype (female). — Head elongate, narrower than pronotum. An- tennae one-third longer than head. Abdomen somewhat inflated but sides more arcuate posteriorly; apex of sixth sternite arcuate posteriorly. Type locality. — La Jolla Shores, San Diego, California. Types. — Holotype, male, allotype, female, paratypes, 6 males and 10 females taken at the type locality November 9, 1950 by Samuel G. Harter and Ian Moore, and 7 males and 14 females taken at the same locality on November 22, 1950 by Ian Moore. All specimens were collected in fine well- 122 San Diego Society of Natural History drained cracks in rocks which had to be pried apart with a wrecking bar, be- tween +4 and +6 foot tide levels in association with Thalassotrechus bar- barae (Horn) at the higher level and with the two following species at the lower level. Disposition of types. — Holotype, allotype, and 4 paratypes deposited in the collection of the California Academy of Sciences. Two paratypes are deposited with each of the following: San Diego Museum of Natural His- tory; American Museum of Natural History; Museum of Comparative Zoo- logy; Canadian National Collection; Chicago Natural History Museum; British Museum (Natural History) ; United States National Museum. The remaining paratypes are at present retained in my collection. Additional material. — Thirteen specimens from the type locality taken in September and October, 195 3; 16 males and 37 females from Sunset Cliffs, San Diego, California, November 21, 1950; 7 males and 4 females from Pigeon Point, San Mateo County, California, October, 1954; 6 males and 1 female from Shell Beach, San Luis Obispo County, California, Octo- ber, 1950; 4 males and 5 females from Descanso Bay, Baja California, Mexi- co, in April, 1951, and the others in October, 195 3; 7 males and 8 females from Sauzal, Baja California, Mexico, May, 1951; 1 male and 1 female from Punta Morro, north of Ensenada, Baja California, in April, 1951, and 2 males and 4 females from the same locality in November, 1954. Larvae that probably belong to this species were taken on various dates in the spring and fall at San Diego and at Punta Morro. Remarks. — This species closely resembles D. densissima and might have been considered that species had it not been for the differences in the male genitalia. The females of the two species are so similar that only a very care- ful examination will distinguish them. The male of fulviventris can be sep- arated from that of densissima by a number of characters such as the wider head, longer antennae, and differences in the apical margin of the sixth sternite. There are some noticeable variations in series taken from different parts of the range, but the male genitalia show no differences in specimens from Shell Beach, San Diego, and Punta Morro. The specimens from Pigeon Point and Shell Beach are darker beneath, those from Sauzal very much lighter, both above and beneath and in addition have more delicate an- tennae. These differences appear in the majority of the specimens but not in all, and possibly indicate enough differentiation to warrant the recognition of a slightly different "race" to the south. Moore — Pacific Coast Phytosi 123 Diaulota harteri new species Description of male holotype. — Testaceous, with fourth dorsal seg- ment a little darker; integuments finely and densely granulose except on the abdomen; pubescence fine, short, dense; very finely, rather closely punctured throughout; the abdomen with a network of fine lines connect- ing the punctures. Head distinctly longer than wide, widest at posterior fourth, very distinctly narrower than apex of pronotum; sides of head be- hind the eyes distinctly sinuate. Eyes of about 16 facets. Antennae nearly as long as head and pronotum; first three segments elongate, decreasing in length, third narrower than second, fourth to sixth hardly elongate, seventh and eighth round, ninth and tenth transverse, eleventh elongate, obconical. Temples strongly margined below the eyes. Pronotum about as wide as long, widest at apical third; sides evenly arcuate and slightly sinuate at hind angles; base narrower than apex. Elytra conjointly about as wide as prono- tum and about half as long, each elytron nearly square except for the broadly rounded humeral angle. Abdomen gradually expanded posteriorly to the fifth segment; apex of sixth sternite produced in its central third in a broad, pointed triangle; margins from the base of the triangle to the sides, straight. Length 1.8 mm. Allotype (female). — Similar to male, but with sixth sternite rounded posteriorly. Type locality. — Descanso Bay, Baja California, Mexico. Types. — Holotype, male, allotype, female, and 26 paratypes taken at the type locality on October 11, 195 3. Disposition of types. — Holotype, allotype, and 4 paratypes deposited in the collection of the California Academy of Sciences. Two para- types are deposited with each of the following: San Diego Museum of Nat- ural History; American Museum of Natural History; Museum of Compara- tive Zoology; Canadian National Collection; Chicago Natural History Museum; British Museum (Natural History) ; United States National Museum. The remaining paratypes are at present retained in my collection. Additional material. — Seventeen specimens were taken at La Jolla Shores, San Diego, California, in September, October and November. All were collected from very narrow, well-drained cracks in rocks between +4 foot tide level and mean low water, in association with the following species. It has not been determined if they extend below mean low water, but at that point they would occasionally be submerged for as long as 16 hours at a 124 San Diego Society of Natural History time. It seems likely that a film or bubble of air is retained in the cracks where they are found. Remarks. — This species is easily distinguished from densissima and fulviventris by its very pale, transluscent, yellow or red integuments and from megacephala by the very narrow head. The color is variable. The type is the palest specimen seen. The usual color is ferruginous with one to three abdominal segments black. This species is named for Samuel G. Harter, who assisted on numerous collecting trips and who collected the first speci- mens of Diaulota fulviventris. Diaulota megacephala new species Description of male bolotype. — Ferruginous, with fourth and part of fifth abdominal segments and eleventh antennal segment black; integuments transluscent, minutely and densely granulose except on the abdomen, which is rather distinctly reticulate; pubescence short, fine and dense; punctura- tion fine, rather dense. Head trapezoidal, very large, wider and longer than pronotum, wider than long, widest at the anterior margin; the sides slightly and evenly arcuate to the base, which is as wide as apex of pronotum. Eyes of about 22 facets, occupying about one-sixth of side of head. Antennae nearly as long as head and pronotum; segments one to seven elongate, one longest and widest, more than twice as long as wide, two very little nar- rower, about twice as long as wide, three as long as two and very slender, little more than half as wide as two, four barely wider than three and twice as long as wide, five to ten increasing gradually in length and width, tenth about as long as wide, eleventh longer than wide, obconical. Temples not margined beneath the eyes. Pronotum a little wider than long, widest at apical third; sides arcuate from apex to near basal angles; basal angles slight- ly sinuate; base distinctly narrower than apex. Elytra almost as long as wide, conjointly as wide as pronotum. Abdomen inflated posteriorly; first three visible tergites deeply, fourth shallowly impressed at base; sixth ster- nite produced medially in a rounded triangular lobe with the apical margin slightly sinuate to the side. Lateral lobe of male genitalia slender, with the expanded tip produced at a little more than a right angle. Length 2.4 mm. Female unknown. Type locality. — Descanso Bay, Baja California, Mexico. Types. — Holotype, male, and 29 paratypes, apparently all males, from the type locality, on October 11, 195 3. Disposition of types. — The holotype and four paratypes deposited in the collection of the California Academy of Sciences. Two paratypes are Moore — Pacific Coast Phytosi 12 5 deposited with each of the following: San Diego Museum of Natural His- tory; American Museum of Natural History; Museum of Comparative Zoology; Canadian National Collection; Chicago Natural History Museum; British Museum (Natural History) ; United States National Museum. The remaining paratypes are at present retained in my collection. Additional material. — Thirteen specimens from La Jolla Shores, San Diego, California, in October and November, all taken in company with D. harteri under the same circumstances. Remarks. — It is assumed that all the specimens taken are males because of the condition of the sixth sternite. The discovery of a single male of D. harteri disposes of the likelihood that the two species are opposite sexes of one species. Megacephala is distinct from all other species but vandykei by its very large, trapezoidal head. It can be distinguished from vandykei by the very long, slender third antennal segment and by the shorter elytra. The head varies in size from slightly larger than the pronotum to very much larger (as in the holotype). The holotype shows no intraorbital ridge but some other specimens have a trace of it basally. The color is about as variable as in harteri. The antennae are the most slender of the genus. Diaulota vandykei, new species Diaiilota brevipes Chamberlin and Ferris, 1929, p. 1 5 5 (not Amblopusa brevipes Casey). Description of male holotype. — Dark ferruginous, with elytra and outer antennal segments tinged with piceous; abdominal segments one to four and part of five dense-piceous; integuments minutely and densely granulose except on abdomen, which is densely reticulate; pubescence short, fine, and dense; puncturation fine and very dense, much denser on the ab- domen than in megacephala. Head nearly round, very large, wider and long- er than pronotum, about as wide as long, widest near the middle; sides evenly arcuate from behind the eyes to base, which is as wide as base of pronotum. Eyes of about 20 facets, occupying about one-eighth of side of head. An- tennae about as long as head plus one-half of pronotum; segments one to three elongate, segment one mor,e than twice as long as wide, two wider than one and very little longer than wide, three very little more than half as wide as two and distinctly shorter than two, a little longer than wide, four to six oval, increasing very gradually in size, seven to ten transverse, ten half again as wide as long, eleven elongate, obconical. Temples faintly margined beneath the eyes at base only. Pronotum very little wider than long, widest near apical third, sides arcuate from apex to base, base distinctly narrower than apex. Each elytron a little longer than wide, elytra con- jointly as wide as pronotum. Abdomen slightly inflated posteriorly, first 126 San Diego Society of Natural History three visible tergites deeply, fourth shallowly impressed at base; sixth ster- nite produced medially in a rounded triangular lobe, sides not sinuate. Length 2.8 mm. Allotype (female). — Similar to male but head smaller, about as wide as pronotum; sixth sternite rounded posteriorly. Type locality. — Pacific Grove, Monterey County, California. Types. — Holotype, male, allotype, female, and 2 5 paratypes (12 males and 13 females) taken at the type locality on November 24 and 28, 1954, and 10 paratypes (5 males and 5 females) taken at Pigeon Point, San Mateo County, California, on November 2 5, 1954. All specimens were collected from cracks in the rocks in company with Diaulota densissima and Liparoce- phalus cordicollis at or near the +3 to +4 foot tide level on the exposed reefs. The specimens were all taken just above the line of dense seaweed, as no suitable place to search for them could be found below this mark. Disposition of types. — The holotype, allotype, and four paratypes de- posited in the collection of the California Academy of Sciences. Two para- types are deposited with each of the following: San Diego Museum of Nat- ural History; American Museum of Natural History; Museum of Com- parative Zoology; Canadian National Collection; Chicago Natural History Museum; British Museum (Natural History) ; United States National Museum. The remaining paratypes are at present retained in my collection. Additional material. — More than 100 specimens, males, females and larvae, of this species (or one which is very similar) were taken from the reef at about +2 tide level at Shell Beach, San Luis Obispo County, Cali- fornia. This series is quite variable in the shape and size of the head of the male and is much lighter in color than the type series. The abdominal punc- tuation is not quite so dense, particularly beneath. However, I am unable to find any consistent character that will separate the tv/o series with cer- tainty. The antennae, the secondary sexual characters, and other characters are very similar. Remarks. — This species is more likely to be confused with megacephala than with any other. It can readily be separated from that species by the very thick second antennal segment and by the much shorter and stouter third antennal segment, as well as by the longer elytra. This is the species that Chamberlin and Ferris identified as Amblopusa brevipes Casey, an identification that led them to synonomize the two genera. It differs from that species, however, in many fundamental structural characters, as ex- plained in the remarks following the description of Amblopusa. This species is named in memory of the late Edwin C. Van Dyke. Moore — Pacific Coast Phytosi 127 AMBLOPUSA Casey Amblopusa Casey, 1893, p. 355; Fenyes, 1918, p. 104. Amblyopusa Eichelbaum, 1909, p. 209 (emendation). Generitypc. — Amblopusa brevipes Casey. Diagnosis. — Body elongate, parallel, depressed. Head ovoid. Labrum rounded. Mandibles symmetrical, with 2 or 3 serrations between median tooth and tip; not curved ventrally at tip. Mentum emarginate, the emar- gination flat at bottom. Maxillary palpi with third segment distinctly ovoid, fourth long and slender. Inner lobe of maxilla slender, with a long blunt tooth at tip, 3 or 4 shorter teeth close to the tip, and 2 larger median teeth well separated from each other; outer lobe slender with a brush of long setae at the tip and another toward the middle. Labial palpi distinctly three-segmented; basal segment twice as long as wide; second a little nar- rower than first, a little longer than wide; third narrower than second and as long as first, four times as long as wide. Ligula simple, a little longer than first segment of labial palpi, truncate at tip. Eyes minute, with from 3 to 18 facets. Antennae with first two segments elongate, third to seventh slightly elongate, eighth to tenth ovoid. Pronotum faintly impressed longi- tudinally. Anterior margin of prosternum straight. Elytra more than half as long as pronotum. Tibiae pubescent. Anterior tarsi short and compact. Abdomen with first five tergites impressed at base; first four sternites con- stricted at base. Remarks. — Chamberlin and Ferris stated that in their opinion, based on the identification of the species at hand, Amblopusa is congeneric with Diaulota. Examination of specimens of Amblopusa brevipes from British Columbia reveals that the specimens which they identified as that species were actually Diaulota vandykei, described here. It is my opinion that the two genera are quite distinct from one another. Amblopusa differs from Diaulota in many characters, including the very small eyes, the structure of the labial palpi (Casey's specimen obviously had the last segments miss- ing), the serrate mandibles, the longer elytra, the longer metasternum, the structure of the maxillae, the impressed fourth and fifth tergites and the constricted sternites. Casey had described three species of Amblopusa, one of which, A. pallida, has been reduced to a synonym of A. brevipes by Fenyes. The two species appear to be quite similar but probably are distinct. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF AMBLOPUSA CASEY A. Eyes of 3 to 5 facets, elytra three fourths as long as pronotum brevipes AA. Eyes of 12 to 18 facets, elytra two-thirds as long as pronotum borealis 128 San Diego Society of Natural History Amblopusa brevipes Casey Amblopusa brevipes Casey, 1893, p. 356 (not Chamberlin and Ferris, 1929). Amblopusa pallida Casey, 1911, p. 212. Description. — Ferruginous, with the legs paler; integuments very minutely and densely granulose, except on abdomen, which is very minutely reticulate, shining; pubescence moderately long and fine, rather sparse, par- ticularly on the abdomen; puncturation fine, not dense, more noticeable on the elytra. Head oval, very little wider than pronotum, a little longer than wide, widest near basal third, sides evenly arcuate. Eyes minute, of 3 to 5 facets, near the insertion of the mandibles. Pronotum roughly trape- zoidal, a little longer than wide, with sides rounded at the anterior fifth which is the widest point, and thence nearly straight to the obtuse basal angles; base and apex both arcuate; base narrower than apex. Elytra con- jointly nearly square, not quite as wide as pronotum and about three- fourths as long, outer edges slightly arcuate, particularly at the humeral angles. Abdomen nearly parallel, as wide as pronotum; first five visible tergites strongly impressed at base; first four sternites somewhat constricted at base. Male with sixth sternite produced medially in a very short broad rounded triangular lobe. Female with sixth sternite rounded. Length 2.4 mm. Type locality. — Fort Wrangel, Alaska. Additional published record. — Metlakatla, "British Columbia" [Met- lakatla is in Alaska]. Material examined. — I have seen 4 specimens from Massett, British Co- lumbia, and 1 from Fort Wrangel, Alaska, all in the Fenyes collection (C.A.S.). The last specimen is labeled "Dupl. No. 131 Casey 1891." Remarks. — This species differs from A. borealis in the smaller eyes and longer elytra. A previous record of this species from Moss Beach, California, was based on Diaulofa vandykei. Amblopusa borealis Casey Amblopusa borealis Casey, 1906, p. 3 54. Description. — Ferruginous; the abdomen sometimes partially piceous; integuments very minutely and densely granulose except on abdomen, which is very minutely reticulate, shining; pubescence moderately long and fine, rather sparse, particularly on the abdomen; puncturation fine, not dense, most noticeable on the elytra. Head round, wider than pronotum, widest near the middle; vertex nearly flat; eyes of 12 to 18 facets located at anterior fourth. Pronotum roughly trapezoidal, a little longer than wide; Moore — Pacific Coast Phytosi 129 sides rounded at anterior fifth, which is the widest point, and thence nearly straight, but slightly sinuate just before the obtuse basal angles; base and apex both arcuate; base narrower than apex. Elytra conjointly wider than long; two-thirds as long as pronotum; apex very little wider than base; sides slightly arcuate, particularly at the humeral angles. Abdomen nearly parallel, as wide as pronotum; first five visible tergites strongly impressed at base; first four sternites strongly constricted at base. Male with sixth sternite produced medially in a short broad roaded triangular lobe. Female with sixth sternite rounded. Length 3.3 mm. Type locality. — Massett, Queen Charlotte Island, British Columbia. Recorded distribution. — Metlakatla, "British Columbia" [Metlakatla is in Alaska]. Material examined. — I have seen 6 specimens from Massett, Queen Charlotte Island, British Columbia, and 1 collected by E. C. Van Dyke at Dutch Harbor, Unalaska, Alaska. These are in the Fenyes collection (C.A.S.) . I collected 2 specimens at Pacific Grove, Monterey County, Cali- fornia, in November, in company with Diaulota vandykei, D. densissima, and Liparocephalus cordicollis. Remarks. — Differs from brevipes in the larger eyes and shorter elytra, as well as in the shape and size of the head. BRYOBIOTA Casey Bryobiota Casey, 1893, p. 367; Fenyes, 1920, p. 130. Generitype. — Bryobiota bicolor (Casey) . Diagnosis. — Body elongate, parallel, subdepressed. Head subquadrate, deeply impressed longitudinally along the midline, particularly at the base. Labrum truncate. Mandibles asymmetrical, left simple, right with a small blunt median tooth, not curved ventrally at tip. Mentum broadly, shallow - ly, arcuately emarginate. Third segment of maxillary palpi oval; fourth narrow, elongate. Inner lobe of maxillae spinose apically with a setose mem- branous expansion at base; outer lobe one-fourth as broad as long, with an expanded membranous ball at tip. Labial palpi three-segmented; basal seg- ment twice as long as wide, second a little narrower and two-thirds as long, third half as wide as first and as long as second. Ligula simple, narrow, as long as basal segment of labial palpus. Eyes very small, occupying less than one-fifth of side of head. Antennae with first five segments elongate, tenth slightly transverse. Pronotum ovoid. Anterior margin of prosternum 130 San Diego Society of Natural History slightly arcuate anteriorly. Elytra as long as pronotum. Tibiae pubescent. Posterior tarsi with basal segment longer than second. Abdomen with first four tergites impressed at base; first four sternites constricted at base. Remarks. — This genus shares a number of characters with Antarcto- phytosus and with Amblopusa. It is easily recognized by the longitudinal impression of the head and pronotum as well as by the rather quadrate head. The generitype is the only species known. Bryobiota bicolor (Casey) Pbytosus bicolor Casey, 1885, p. 311. Bryobiota bicolor (Casey), 1893, p. 368. Description. — Ferruginous, with the first five abdominal segments black; integuments very finely granulose, shining; pubescence short, moder- ately sparse; moderately shallowly punctured throughout. Head a very little wider than pronotum, subquadrate; sides nearly straight and nearly parallel from the eyes to a sharply rounded hind angle, thence almost straight in to the neck, which is half as wide as head. Head barely widest at hind angle; divided longitudinally by a rather strong impression which is deepest pos- teriorly, giving on the dorsal posterior surface the appearance of low mound- like elevations. Eyes small, inserted at the anterior angles of the head. Pronotum ovoid, a little longer than wide, widest near anterior third; sides arcuate; hind angles not sinuate; anterior and posterior margins evenly, gently arcuate; base narrower than apex. Elytra a little wider and about as long as pronotum, conjointly about as wide as long; sides evenly arcuate; apices nearly straight; hind angles hardly rounded. Abdomen nearly paral- lel but with fifth segment the widest; 4 tergites impressed at base, impres- sions strong. No sexual differences have been observed. Length about 2.4 mm. Type locality. — San Diego, California. Additional published records. — San Diego, California. Scheerpeltz, 1934, p. 15 57, gave British Columbia as a locality record without citation to any authority. I am unable to locate this record. Material examined. — Seven specimens from San Diego County, Cali- fornia, collected by Blaisdell (C.A.S.) ; 1 from San Diego, California, A. Fenyes (Brit. Mus.); 5 from San Diego, California, Fenyes (C.A.S.) ; 1 taken by myself at San Diego, California; 1 from Moss Beach, San Mateo County, California, by J. O. Martin (C.A.S.). Remarks. — In 188 5 Casey appended the following note to his descrip- tion of the species. "This species is extremely abundant under the densely Moore — Pacific Coast Phytosi 131 packed seaweed thrown up on the shores of the inner harbor in the spring of the year; occurring with it and also in great abundance, were Cafius (Remus) decipiens Lee, Motschulskium sinuaticolle Matth., and Phyco- coetes testaceus Lee, and in less number, Cafius (Remus) opacus Lee." I have collected in the area of San Diego Bay for many years and have never seen masses of seaweed cast up on the shores of the inner harbor. I have never taken Cafius decipiens LeConte, only one specimen of Cafius opacus LeConte, and only one specimen of Bryobiota bicolor (Casey). The conditions in the bay are so changed since 188 5 that it is unlikely that these species will ever be found there in abundance again. BRYOTHINUSA Casey Bryothinusa Casey, 1904, p. 312; Fenyes, 1920, p. 131. Generitype. — Bryothinusa catalinae Casey. Diagnosis. — Body elongate, parallel, depressed. Head oval, shallowly concave centrally. Labrum transverse, with anterior margin gently arcuate. Mandibles asymmetrical, the right with a median tooth and with very minute serrations between the median tooth and tip, the left simple; not curved ventrally. Mentum broadly trapezoidal, truncate. Second and third segments of maxillary palpi ovoid, fourth shorter than width of third. Inner lobe of maxillae slender, acutely pointed and hooked at tip with a row of evenly placed, short, stout, pointed setae at inner margin; outer lobe as long as inner, very slender, particularly at apical fourth, with tip hooked and finely pointed, and inner edge simple. Labial palpi either two- or three- segmented; when three-segmented, first segment shorter than second and wider only at base, and third segment narrower than second and a little longer than first. Ligula short, no longer than width of basal segment of labial palpus; simple. Eyes small, occupying about one-fourth of side of head; composed of about 20 facets interspersed with short hairs. Antennae long, with all segments elongate; first segment widest, third narrowest and a little longer than wide, the remainder each a little longer and a little wider than the preceding, the tenth distinctly elongate, eleventh more than twice as long as wide and gradually pointed at apex, nearly equal to first in size. Pronotum transverse, quadrate, widest at apical fifth. Anterior margin of prosternum slightly emarginate in a gentle arc. Elytra about as long and as wide as pronotum, longest at outer edge. Tibiae pubescent. Posterior tarsi with basal segment longer than second. Abdominal segments not impressed at base; sternites not constricted. Remarks. — Bryothinusa is at once distinguished from all other phyto- 132 San Diego Society of Natural History sids by the very elongate antennal segments and the very slender, curved, simple outer lobe of the maxillae. Only one species is known, the generitype. This genus would be placed in the Myllaenini by those following pres- ent classification, but it probably is not closely related to members of that tribe. It may be closely related to Polypea Fauvel, which, as has already been pointed out, was placed in the Myllaenini by Bernhauer and Scheerpeltz and in the Phytosi by Fenyes. It appears to be the most discordant element in the present group. Bryothinusa catalinae Casey Bryothinusa catalinae Casey, 1904, p. 312. Description. — Fulvous, with abdomen slightly darker; integuments clothed in a dense short pubescence; finely, densely punctate, the abdomen with a network of fine lines around the punctures. Head nearly round, vertex broadly concave. Pronotum subquadrate, widest at anterior third, sides evenly arcuate, base slightly narrower than apex. Elytra about as wide and about as long as pronotum; apex slightly sinuate at outer angle. Abdomen nearly parallel. No sexual differences observed. Length about 2.0 mm. Type locality. — Catalina Island, California. Recorded distribution. — Catalina Island, California. Material examined. — I have seen 2 specimens in the Fenyes collection from Catalina Island, California, one collected by Fall and the other by Baker, as well as 2 specimens from San Diego, California, in the Fenyes col- lection (C.A.S.). Nine specimens were taken together from a crack in a large wet stone near high tide mark on a stony beach at La Jolla, California, in September, 195 3. They were much more agile than any other phytosids collected by me, running rapidly downward when the stone was split open. I believe that several of the colony escaped. Two of these specimens were kindly compared with Casey's type by R. E. Blackwelder. THINUSA Casey Tbinusa Casey, 1893, p. 371; Fenyes, 1920, p. 134. Generitype. — Thinusa maritima (Casey). Diagnosis. — Body elongate, parallel, somewhat depressed. Head oval, slightly pointed anteriorly. Labrum bilobed, with the central emargination filled with a dark, depressed membrane. Mandibles curved ventrally at tip; right mandible with a median tooth, left simple. Mentum truncate. Maxil- lary palpi with third segment evenly conical, narrow, widest at apex; fourth Moore — Pacific Coast Phytosi 1 3 3 segment very slender, and longer than in Phytosus. Inner lobe of maxillae spinose internally, with a membranous expansion at the base through which run several long spines; outer lobe with a membranous finger-like process at tip. Labial palpi three-segmented, the basal segment longest, second shortest; segments decreasing in width apically. Ligula deeply bifid, the two processes forming a Y; half as long as first segment of labial palpi. Eyes large, occupying more than one-half the side of head. Antennae with first 3 segments elongate, sixth to tenth transverse, eleventh with a brush of short setae at tip. Anterior margin of prosternum straight. Elytra extend- ing more posteriorly at the sides than at the suture, so that the apex, al- though straight, is oblique. Anterior and middle tibiae externally with long spines, which are interspersed with pubescence. Posterior tarsi with first segment variable, either shorter, equal to or longer than second but never longer than second and third together. Abdomen with either 3 or 4 seg- ments impressed at base; sternites not constricted. Remarks. — Casey stated that Thintisa so closely resembles Actosus that it might be considered a subgenus of it. He apparently did not observe the bifid ligula, by which it differs from all other phytosids except Cameronium, Besides the spinose tibiae, Thinusa resembles Phytosus in the form of the maxillae and in the pubescence on the pronotum, which streams out later- ally from the mid-line in a most striking manner. It is an interesting and puzzling fact that several very abundant species of the tribe Myrmedoniini which are found in the seaweed in association with Thinusa so closely re- semble it in many structural characters (i.e. the spinose tibiae, the arrange- ment of the pubescence; the shape of head and size of eyes, the structure of the mouth parts) that it is a great task to collect Thinusa and to segregate the few specimens from their many cousins. The similarities are so great as to make one wonder about our tarsal system of classification which separates these forms so widely. Of the 6 species of Thinusa that Casey described from California, Fenyes considered only maritima and fletcheri valid. One of the main char- acters mentioned by Casey for the separation of the species was the relative length of the basal segment of the posterior tarsi. According to Fenyes' synonomy, this character would be variable intraspecifically. All the speci- mens examined by me have the first tarsal segment a little longer than the second; but, because of the overlapping structure of the segments, the first may appear shorter if viewed other than directly from the side. Casey's original description of maritima states that the first and second segments are equal; but following his description of obscura he states that the first seg- ment of that species is longer, not shorter, than the second, as in maritima. 134 San Diego Society of Natural History I believe the synonomy given by Fenyes to be correct. The rather good series I have seen from various localities indicates that there is considerable varia- tions in the characters chosen by Casey. Even fletcheri and maritima are difficult to separate with certainty and future studies may show that the former is merely a geographic race of maritima. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF THINUSA CASEY A. Abdomen shining, very finely reticulate maritima AA. Abdomen dull, densely granulose fletcheri Thinusa maritima (Casey) Phytosus maritimus Casey, 1885, p. 312. Thinusa maritima Casey, 1893, p. 371. Thinusa obscura Casey, 1906, p. 3 54. Description. — Ferruginous, head brown; abdomen sometimes piceous; integuments densely and finely granulose, except on abdomen, which is finely reticulate; clothed in a moderately long, even, pale pubescence, which is sparse on the abdomen; moderately punctured throughout. Head about as wide as long, pointed anteriorly, widest just behind the large eyes. An- tennae not as long as head and pronotum. Pronotum widest at anterior third, sides arcuate in front and straighter to the slightly rounded posterior angles. Elytra three-fourths as long as pronotum at sides, two-thirds as long at suture, conjointly not as wide as pronotum. Abdomen narrower than pronotum; sides straight and nearly parallel. No sexual differences observed. Length 2.4 mm. Type locality. — Oakland, Alameda County, California. Additional published records. — Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara County, California (as T. obscura Casey). This species was reported from four lo- calities in New Jersey by Morse, 1909, but I believe on the basis of a mis- identification, or, more likely, on an error in transcription, as it is listed as "Thinusa maritima Casey (Polystoma) ." Material examined. — One specimen from Ilwaco, Washington, col- lected by Hubbard and Schwarz (Fenyes collection, C.A.S.); 6 collected in May at San Francisco, California, by Blaisdell (C.A.S.) ; 15 from Rock- away Beach, San Mateo County, California, in October (Ian Moore) ; 6 from Redondo Beach, Los Angeles County, California, by Fenyes (5 C.A.S. ; 1 Brit. Mus.) ; 3 from Balboa, Orange County, California (Fenyes, C.A.S.) ; 5 from La Jolla in San Diego, California, in November (Ian Moore). Moore — Pacific Coast Phytosi 13 5 Remarks. — If obscura is actually distinct from maritima, the above specimens must all be the former and maritima not seen by me. There is considerable variation in color, in shape and size of the antennal segments, particularly the eleventh, and in some other characters. Thinusa f letcheri Casey Thinusa fletcheri Casey, 1906, p. 3 J 3. Thinusa diver gens Casey, 1911, p. 213. Thinusa nigra Casey, 1911, p. 214. Thinusa rohusiula Casey, 1911, p. 214. Description. — Dark brown, with abdomen piceous; integuments dense- ly granulose throughout; clothed in a moderately long, pale pubescence which is sparser on the abdomen; moderately punctured throughout. Head a little wider than long, hardly pointed in front, widest just behind the eyes; antennae not as long as head and pronotum. Pronotum a little wider than long, widest at anterior third, sides arcuate anteriorly and slightly sinuate before the hind angles. Elytra two-thirds as long as pronotum, a little longer at the sides. Abdomen parallel, almost as wide as pronotum. No sexual differences observed. Length 3.0 mm. Type locality. — Massett, Queen Charlotte Island, British Columbia. Recorded distribution. — British Columbia. Material examined. — I have seen 2 specimens from the type locality (Fenyes collection, C.A.S.) and 3 from Nazan Bay, Atka, Aleutians, Alaska, collected by E. C. Van Dyke in August (Fenyes collection, C.A.S.) . Remarks. — Although this may eventually prove to be only a geographic race of maritima, the specimens examined are quite noticeably larger, stout- er, darker, and with a duller, more strongly granulose surface. I can find no other consistent characters to separate the species. PHYTOSUS Curtis Phytosus Curtis, 1838, pi. 718; Erichson, 1840, p. 177; Kraatz, 185 3, p. 2 57, t. 3; Kraatz, 1856, p. 41; Kraatz, 1857, t. 1; Jacguelin DuVal, 1856, p. 5, pi. 3; Fauvel, 1862, p. 82; Thomson, 1859, p. 207; Mulsant and Rey, 1872, p. 381; Ganglbauer, 1895, p. 285; Fenyes, 1920, p. 131; Bernhauer, 1941, p. 96. Paraphytosus Bernhauer, 1922, p. 236 (not Cameron, 1917). Phytosus Kiessenwetter, 18 50, p. 385. , Subgenus Actosus Mulsant and Rey, 1872, p. 391. Subgenus Euphytosus Bernhauer and Scheerpeltz, 1926, p. 5 52. Subgenus Anopsisus Bernhauer, 1929, p. 187. Generitypes. — of Phytosus, Phytosus spinifer Curtis; of Actosus, Acto- sus nigriventris (Chevrolat) ; of Euphytosus, Euphytosus schenklingi (Bernhauer) ; of Anopsisus, Anopsisus micro phthlalmus Bernhauer. 136 San Diego Society of Natural History Diagnosis. — Body elongate, parallel, somewhat depressed. Head oval. Labrum variable, truncate or slightly emarginate. Mandibles each with a median tooth, with the tip curved ventrally. Mentum truncate. Maxillary palpi with second segment ovoid, larger than first. Outer lobe of maxillae with a membranous finger-like process at tip; inner lobe setose internally at apex. Labial palpi distinctly three-segmented; the segments of about equal length; the last segment narrowest. Ligula simple, slender, little more than half as long as first segment of labial palpi. Eyes moderate in size, but less than one-half the length of side of head. Antennae with first three seg- ments elongate, seventh to tenth transverse, eleventh elongate obconical. Anterior margin of prosternum straight. Anterior and middle tibiae with several series of long thick setae externally which are interspersed with the pubescence. Elytra in P. spinifer longest observed in the subtribe, con- siderably longer than pronotum; in nigriventris not as long as pronotum. Abdomen with first four tergites impressed at base; first four sternites con- stricted at base. Remarks. — The diagnosis is based entirely on Phytosus (Pbytosus) spinifer Curtis, the generitype, Phytosus (Actosns) nigriventris (Chevro- lat), and Phytosus (Actosns) balticns Kraatz. Phytosus, the first genus described in the subtribe, has been a catch-all for numerous doubtful sea- shore species, some of which were later removed to other genera. There still remain in the genus several species which will have to be re-examined before an adequate diagnosis of the genus can be given. I have seen too few of the species listed for the genus to be able to give it a satisfactory evaluation. The descriptions of most of these species are inadequate. To judge from the descriptions, two of the subgenera, Anopsisus Bernhauer and Euphytosus Bernhauer and Scheerpeltz ( = Paraphytosus Bernhauer, not Cameron), probably do not belong here. The former, according to Koch, is probably a Diglotta. The latter probably does not belong to this subtribe either. Material examined. — Phytosus spinifer Curtis: 16 specimens from France (Fenyes, C.A.S.), 1 from Spain (Fenyes, C.A.S.), 1 from Crete (Fenyes, C.A.S.), 1 from Senegal (Brit. Mus.), 3 from the Canary Islands, labeled P. dimidiatus Wollaston (Brit. Mus.) and 2 which appear to be this species labeled "Phytosus littoralis Horn" from "Gaudel I." (Fenyes C.A.S.) . Phytosus nigriventris (Chevrolat) : 9 from France (Fenyes, C.A.S.) . Phy- tosus balticus Kraatz: 5 from France, 1 from Crete and 2 from Tunis (Fenyes, C.A.S.). Phytosus fenyesi Bernhauer: one specimen in very poor condition from Senegal, identified by Bernhauer (Fenyes, C.A.S.). Moore — Pacific Coast Phytosi 137 CAMERONIUM Koch Cameronium Koch, 193 6, p. 202. Generitype. — Cameronium obockianum (Fauvel). Diagnosis. — Body elongate, parallel, subdepressed. Head oval. Infra- orbital ridge entire. Labrum rounded at apex. Mandibles not curved vent- rally; simple. Third segment of maxillary palpi oval; fourth narrow, short. Inner lobe of maxillae with fine, evenly spaced, internal spines at apical half and a group of long setae at base; outer lobe a little longer than inner with a brush of setae at tip. Labial palpi apparently two-segmented. Ligula short, bifid at tip in the form of a blunt Y. Eyes not prominent, occupying a little less than half the side of head, with setae between the facets. Antennae with first three segments elongate, tenth transverse. Pronotum quadrate. Elytra conjointly nearly square, a little wider and considerably longer than pronotum. Tibiae pubescent with three or four very short, stout setae on the anterior pair. Posterior tarsus with the first four segments subequal, fifth as long as the preceding two together. Abdomen with the first three tergites impressed at base, the first three sternites faintly constricted. Remarks. — The type species was originally described as a Phytosus which it resembles rather closely, but differs in the lack of long spines on the front and middle tibiae. The bifid ligula it shares with Thinusa, which, however, has spinose tibiae. My description of the inner and outer lobes of the maxillae differs somewhat from the figure given by Koch. These parts, often difficult to see, were very clearly visible on one specimen I examined. Material examined. — I have seen seven specimens of Cameronium obockianum (Fauvel) from the type locality, Perim, at the mouth of the Red Sea, collected by Fauvel (Fenyes Coll., C.A.S.). Another species, C. flavipenne Cam. which was described from Zanzibar is said to be smaller, more shining and differently colored. BAEOSTETHUS Broun Baeostethus Broun, 1909, p. 96; Fenyes, 1920, p. 130. Generitype. — Baeosfetbus cbiltoni Broun. No specimens of this genus have been seen, so the original description is repeated here. Only one species, the generitype, is known. "Body very elongate. Head subrotundate, with a short narrow muzzle. Thorax cordate-quadrate. Elytra very short. Hind-body very elongate. Eyes minute. Mentum very large, slightly emarginate in front. Labial 138 San Diego Society of Natural History palpi rather short; basal 2 joints cylindric, equally elongate; 3rd slender and nearly the length of the penultimate. Maxillary palpi setose; basal joint small; 2nd stout and elongate, gradually thickened; 3rd inserted at apex of the preceding one but so as to be at a right angle to it, rather longer than 2nd, gradually incrassate towards and truncate at the apex; 4th joint small, aciculate. Mandibles stout, rather short, acutely curvate at the extremity, with 3 inner teeth. Antennae inserted at the sides of the forehead, in front of the eyes; basal 3 joints stout and elongate, narrowed towards the base; 2nd articulation a little shorter than 1st, but slightly longer than 3rd; 4th oblong; 5th and 6th oviform; 7th and 8th slightly broader than pre- ceding one; 9th and 10th subquadrate; 11th oblong-oval. Tarsi filiform, the posterior pentamerous, intermediate quadriarticulate, the anterior seem- ingly also 4-jointed but so short and compact and thickly setose that the basal joints cannot be distinguished separately. Claws elongate, simple. All the coxae elongate, prominent, and contiguous. Prosternum corneous across the middle, membranous elsewhere. The ligula appears to be simple and aciculate. "Notwithstanding the elongation of the body, the metasternum is so excessively reduced that the intermediate and posterior coxae are in actual contact. This character of itself is distinctive. "Baeostethus chiltoni, sp. nov. "Subopaque, finely pubescent; head and elytra obscure infuscate red; thorax, legs and antennae fusco- testaceous; hind-body fuscous or nigres- cent, the segments with a short pallid basal membrane. Head broadly rounded, somewhat depressed on the middle, closely and very minutely punctate, with 2 small indistinct median foveae. Forehead rather abrupt- ly narrowed, short, medially convex, nearly smooth and shining, with a setigerous fovea at each side, truncate and with a short grey membrane in front. Labrum prominent, rounded and bearing fine yellow setae in front. Eyes minute, situated at the sides in front, depressed, hardly discernible. There is no neck. Thorax widest in front, gradually narrowed backwards; base truncate, apex feebly and broadly curvate; it is without definite lat- eral margins; the angles are nearly rectangular; there is a feebly median im- pression behind; its surface is finely and closely punctured, and bears slender greyish and infuscate pubescence. Scutellum large and broad. Elytra ab- breviated, shorter than thorax, each strongly rounded and finely margined at the base so as to be oblique towards the suture, apices subtruncate yet almost oblique inwardly, their sides curvedly narrowed towards the base; their surface dull, the sculpture concealed by the pubescence, but consist- Moore — Pacific Coast Phytosi 139 ing apparently of very minute distant granules. Hind-body very elongate, broadly marginated, the basal 5 segments transversal, each however becom- ing rather longer than its predecessor, 6th with short styles, 7th narrow and testaceous, all finely and moderately closely punctured and pubescent. Legs slender. Femora and tibiae ciliated with fine greyish setae. "Length, iy 2 lines; breadth, quite % line. "Campbell Island. "Named in honour of Professor Chilton, to whom we are indebted for the discovery of this and some other species." Judging from the above description, this genus would appear to re- semble Amblopusa in most characters except for the very short metaster- num (a character which it shares with Diaulota and Liparocephalus) and the densely setose anterior tarsae. The mention of three internal teeth on the mandible could be interpreted to mean the same as serrations between the median tooth and the tip, particularly if only the end of the mandible was visible in the specimen examined. No mention is made of dorsal im- pressions on the tergites. ANTARCTOPHYTOSUS Enderlein Antarctophytostis Enderlein, 1909, p. 377; Fenyes, 1918, p. 10 5. Parapbytosus Cameron, 1917, p. 12 5. Austromalota Brethes, 1925, p. 170. Generitype. — Antarctophytosus atriceps (Waterhouse) . Diagnosis. — Body elongate, subparallel, depressed. Head oval; the clypeal area depressed on each side but not on the midline, so that there is a broadly triangular raised area with its apex at the anterior margin of the head and its base just anterior to the anterior margins of the eyes. Infra- orbital ridge very strong. Labrum broadly rounded. Mandibles not curved ventrally; asymmetrical, the left simple, the right with a very short median tooth. Mentum rather deeply, arcuately emarginate in its central two thirds. Third segment of maxillary palpi slightly ovoid; fourth narrow, elongate. Inner lobe of maxillae spinose internally. Labial palpi two- or three-seg- mented, first a little longer than wide, second as wide as first and twice as long, third narrower than second and nearly as long. Ligula, slender, simple; twice as long as first segment of labial palpi. Eyes flat, not interrupting the contour of head; large, occupying more than one-third of the side of head. Antennae with the first three segments elongate, third shorter than second, segments nine and ten transverse. Pronotum ovoid; widest at anterior fourth; sides evenly arcuate; hind angles broadly rounded into the arcuate 140 San Diego Society of Natural History base. Anterior margin of prosternum bisinuate. Elytra about as long and as wide as pronotum; apices emarginate at outer angle. Tibiae setose. Posterior tarsi with first four segments subequal, fifth as long as preceding two to- gether. Abdomen with first four tergites impressed at base; sternites not constricted. Remarks. — Rather closely resembles Bryobiota in many characters but not in appearance. Can be distinguished at once from Bryobiota by the evenly convex dorsal surface of the basal half of the head. Material examined. — I have seen 2 specimens of A. atriceps (Water- house) , 1 from Kerguelen Island in the Antarctic-Indian Ocean determined by Jeannel and 1 from Cape of Good Hope; a specimen of A. darwini Water- house from the Faulkland Islands, determined by Dr. Cameron, and two specimens of A. darwini from the Faulkland Islands (in the Fenyes col- lection). I am unable to distinguish between the two species. BIBLIOGRAPHY The following is a selected bibliography intended to include all the important references to the genera and subgenera of the Phytosi and to the species of the Pacific Coast of North America. Catalogues, local lists, man- uals, etc., which merely repeat earlier records are not included. Those ref- erences preceded by an asterisk have not been seen. Of those which have been seen, several were seen only in photostats of the pertinent pages. Bernhauer, Max. 1915. Neue Staphyliniden des tropischen Afrika (10. Beitrag). Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 65, pp. 287-321. 1922. Sauter's Formosa Ausbeute: Staphylinidae (I. Teil). Arch. Naturg., vol. 88, Abt. A., Heft. 7, pp. 220-237. 1929. Neue Kurzfliigler des paliiarktischen Gebietes. Kol. Rundsch., vol. 14, pp. 177-195. 193 8. Voyage de M. Aubert de la Rue aux iles Kerguelen die Gattung Antarctophytosus Enderlein (Coleoptera Staphylinidae). Rev. Fran. Ent., vol. 5, pp. 91-94. ;: " 1941 . [Key to the species of Actosus]. Koleopt. Rdsch., vol. 26, pp. 95-96. Bernhauer, Max, and Scheerpeltz, Otto. 1926. Coleopterorum catalogus, pars 82, Staphylinidae VI, pp. 499- 98 8. Berlin. Moore — Pacific Coast Phytosi 141 Blackwelder, Richard E. 1936. Morphology of the coleopterous family Staphylinidae. Smith- sonian Misc. Coll., vol. 94, No. 13, pp. 1-102, 30 pis. 1952. The generic names of the beetle family Staphylinidae with an essay on genotypy. U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 200, pp. 1-483. Brethes, Juan. 1925. Un coleoptere et un diptere nouveaux de la Georgie du Sud. Commun. Mus. Nac. Hist. Nat. Bernardino Rivadavia, vol. 2, No. 16, pp. 169-173. Broun, Thomas. 1909. Descriptions of Coleoptera from the subantarctic islands of New Zealand; with remarks on the affinities of the genera, etc. Subantarctic Isl. New Zealand, vol. 1, pp. 78-122. Wellington. Cameron, Malcolm. 1917. Description of a new genus of Staphylinidae. Ent. Monthly Mag., vol. 53, p. 125. 1917. The genus Paraphytosus mihi: Synonymical note. Ent. Monthly Mag., vol. 53, pp. 233-234. 1919. Paraphytosus, a correction. Ent. Monthly Mag., vol. 5 5, p. 32. 1936. Note on the genus Arena Fauv. Ent. Monthly Mag., vol. 72, p. 108. 1944. New oriental Staphylinidae (Col.). An. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 11, vol. 11, pp. 312-322. Casey, Thomas Lincoln. 188 5. New genera and species of Calif ornian Coleoptera. Bull. Cali- fornia Acad. Sci., vol. 1, pp. 28 5-336. 1892. Coleopterological notices IV, appendix. Ann. New York Acad. Sci., vol. 6, p. 708-712. 1893. Coleopterological notices, V. Ann. New York Acad. Sci., vol. 7, pp. 281-606. 1904. On some new Coleoptera, including five new genera. Can. Ent., vol. 36, pp. 312-324. 1906. Observations on the Staphylinid groups Aleocharinae and Xan- tholinini chiefly of America. Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, vol. 16, pp. 125-435. 1911. New American species of Aleocharinae and Myllaeninae. Me- moirs on the Coleoptera, vol. 2, pp. 1-245. 142 San Diego Society of Natural History Chamberlin, J. S., and Ferris, G. F. 1929. On Liparocephalus and allied genera. Pan-Pac. Ent., vol. 5, pp. 137-143, 153-162, 5 figs. Chevrolat, Louis Alexandre Auguste. *1843. Description d'une nouvelle espece due genre Myrmedonia. Revue Zoologique, vol. 6, pp. 42-43. Curtis, John. 1838. British entomology . . ., vol. 15, pis. 674-721. London. Eichelbaum, Felix. :: '1909. Katalog der Staphyliniden-Gattungen .... Mem. Soc. Ent. Belgique, vol. 17, pp. 71-280. Enderlein, Gunther. 1909. Die Insekten des Antarktischen Gebietes. Deutsche Siidpolar- Exp., vol. 10, Zool. II, 1908 (1909), pp. 361-518. Fauvel, Albert. 1862. Notice sur quelques aleochariens nouveaux ou peu connus et description de larves de Pbytosus et Leptusa. Ann. Soc. Ent. France, ser. 4, vol. 2, pp. 81-94. 1863. Notice sur quelques aleochariens nouveaux ou peu connus (suite I). Ann. Soc. Ent. France, ser. 4, vol. 3, pp. 211-222. *1877. Les staphylinides de l'Australie et de la Polynesie. Ann. Civ. Stor. Genova, vol. 10, pp. 168-298. *1905. Staphylinides exotique nouveaux, pt. 3. Revue d'Ent., vol. 24, pp. 113-147. Fenyes, Adelbert. 1918. Coleoptera: Fam. Staphylinidae, subfam. Aleocharinae. Genera Insectorum, fasc. 173a, pp. 1-110. 1920. Coleoptera: Fam. Staphylinidae, subfam: Aleocharinae. Genera Insectorum, fasc. 173b, pp. 111-414. Ganglbauer, Ludwig. 1895. Die Kafer von Mitteleuropa . . . . , vol. 2, pt. 1, 880 pp. Wien. Hamilton, John. 1894. Catalogue of the Coleoptera of Alaska. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, vol. 21, pp. 1-38. Holdhaus, Karl. 1932. Uber die Insektenfauna der Insel Siid-Georgien. Zool.-Jahrb., vol. 63, pp. 163-182. Moore — Pacific Coast Phytosi 143 Horn, George Henry 1871. Descriptions of new Coleoptera of the United States, with notes on known species. Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, vol. 3, pp. 32 5-344, Ipl. Jacquelin Du Val, Pierre Nicolas Camille. 18 56. Genera des coleopteres d'Europe . . . . , vol. 2, pp. 1-95, 28 pi., Paris. Keen, J. H. 1895. List of Coleoptera collected at Massett, Queen Charlotte Is- lands, B. C. Can. Ent., vol. 27, pp. 164-172,217-220. 1897. Three interesting Staphylinidae from Queen Charlotte Islands. Can. Ent., vol. 29, pp. 28 5-287. Koch, Carlos. 1936. Wissenschaf tliche Ergebnisse der entomologischen Expeditionen Seiner Durchlaucht des Fiirsten Alessandro C. Delia Torre e Tasso nach Aegypten und auf die Halbinsel Sinai, XIII: Staphy- linidae. Pubbl. Mus. Ent. Pietro Rossi, vol. 1, pp. 115-232. Kraatz, Gustav. 1853. Bemerkungen iiber Staphylini, Stett. Zeit, vol. 14, pp. 2 57- 259, pi. 3. 18 56. Naturgeschichte den Insecten Deutschlands, Abt. 1, Coleop- tera, vol. 2, Lief 1-2, pp. 1-376. Berlin. 18 57. Genera Aleocharinorum illustrata, Linnaea Ent., vol. 11, pp. 1-43, pi. 1. 18 59. In Schaum, Beitrag zur Europiiischen Kaferfauna, Berl. Ent. Zeit., vol. 3, pp. 52-53. LeConte, John Lawrence. 1861. New species of Coleoptera inhabiting the Pacific district of the United States. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philada., vol. 13, pp. 3 3 8- 359. 18 80. Short studies of North American Coleoptera. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, vol. 8, pp. 163-218. Maklin, Fredrico Guilielmo. 18 5 3. In Mannerheim, Dritter Nachtrag zu Kaefer-Fauna der Nord- Amerikanischen Laender des Russischen Reiches. Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou, vol. 26, No. 3, pp. 95-269. Morse, Silas R. 1909. The insects of New Jersey. Ann. Report of the N. J. State Museum, p. 1-888. 144 San Diego Society of Natural History Motschulsky, T. Victor von. :- "1860. Enumeration des nouvelles especes de coleopteres raportees de ses voyages. Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou, vol. 3 3, pp. 539-588. Mulsant, M. E., and Rey, Claudius. :: "1870. Description d'un genre nouveaux de l'ordre des coleopteres, tribu des brachelytres, famille des aleochariens. Oposc. Ent., vol. 14, pp. 194-199. 1872. Tribu des brevipennes: Famille des aleochariens: Huitieme Branche: Bolitocharaires. Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, ser. 2, vol. 19, pp. 91-413, 426. Ross, Edward S. 1953. Insects close up. Univ. Calif. Press, pp. 1-80 (figure lower left., p. 46, is an excellent photograph of Liparocephahis cordicollis LeConte). Sakaguti, Kohei. 1944. A new intertidal rove-beetle from the Pacific Coast of Japan. Trans. Kansai Ent. Soc, vol. 14, pp. 20-21, pi. 1, fig. 1-2. Saunders, L. G. 1929. Some marine insects of the Pacific Coast of Canada. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., vol. 21, pp. 521-545, 1 fig. Scheerpeltz, Otto. 1934. Coleopterorum catalogus . . . . , pars 130, Staphylinidae VIII, supplementum II, pp. 1501-1831. Berlin. Schwarz, E. A. 1910. Coleoptera of the expedition. Harriman Alaska Ser., Smith. Inst., vol. 8, pp. 169-185. Thomson, Carl Gustaf. *18 59. Skandinaviens Coleoptera . . . . , vol. 1, 290 pp. Lund. Waterhouse, Charles Owen. 1875. On the Coleoptera of Kerguelen's Island. Ent. Monthly Mag., vol. 12, pp. 54-57. Waterhouse, Frederick H. 1879. Descriptions of new Coleoptera of geographical interest, col- lected by Charles Darwin, Esq. Jr. Linn. Soc. London, vol. 14, pp. 530-534. Wendeler, Hans. 1930. Neue exotische Staphyliniden (17. Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Staphyliniden) . Neue Beitr. syst. Insektenk, vol. 4, pp. 181- 192, 248-252. Moore — Pacific Coast Phytosi 145 Wollaston, Thomas Vernon. 18 57. Catalogue of the Coleopterous insects of Madeira in the col- lection of the British Museum, 648 pp. London. 1864. Catalogue of the coleopterous insects of the Canaries in the British Museum, 648 pp. London. 1865. Coleoptera Atlantidum . . . . , 526— |— 140 pp. London. Explanation of Figures Plate 8 Figure 1. Liparoccphalus brevipennis M'ikVm, apical margin of labrum. Figure 2. Liparoccphalus brevipennis Maklin, labial palpi and ligula. Figure 3. Liparoccphalus brevipennis Maklin, apical margin of mentum. Figure 4. Liparoccphalus brevipennis Maklin, outline of the body of fe- male, dorsal view. Figure 5. Liparocephalus cordicollis LeConte, apical margin of labrum. Figure 6. Liparocephalus cordicollis LeConte, labial palpi and ligula. Figure 7. Liparoccphalus cordicollis LeConte, apical margin of mentum. Figure 8. Liparocephalus cordicollis LeConte, maxilla. Figure 9. Liparocephalus cordicollis LeConte, outline of body of male, dorsal view. Figure 10. Diaulota densissima Casey, apical margin of labrum. Figure 1 1 . Diaulota densissima Casey, labial palpi. Figure 12. Diaulota densissima Casey, apical margin of mentum. Figure 13. Diaulota densissima Casey, apex of abdomen of male, ventral view. Figure 14. Diaulota densissima Casey, outline of body of female, dorsal view. Figure 1 5. Diaulota fnlviventris Moore, apical margin of labrum, male. Figure 1 6. Diaulota fulviventris Moore, apical margin of mentum, male. Figure 17. Diaulota fulviventris Moore, apex of abdomen of male, ventral view. Figure 18. Diaulota fulviventris Moore, apex of abdomen of male with genitalia extruded, lateral view. Figure 19. Diaulota fulviventris Moore, labial palpi, male. Figure 20. Diaulota fulviventris Moore, labial palpi, male. Plate 9 Figure 21. Diaulota fulviventris Moore, apical margin of labrum, female. Figure 22. Diaulota fulviventris Moore, labial palpi, female. 146 San Diego Society of Natural History Figure 23. Diaidota fulviventris Moore, apical margin of mentum, female. Figure 24. Diaulota fulviventris Moore, maxilla. Figure 2 5. Diaulota fulviventris Moore, outline of body of female, dorsal view. Figure 26. Diaulota hartcri Moore, anterior margin of labrum. Figure 27. Diaulota harteri Moore, labial palpi. Figure 28. Diaulota harteri Moore, apical margin of mentum. Figure 29. Diaulota harteri Moore, apex of abdomen of male, ventral view. Figure 30. Diaulota harteri Moore, apex of abdomen of female, ventral view. Figure 31. Diaulota harteri Moore, outline of body of female, dorsal view. Figure 32. Diaulota megacephala Moore, apex of labrum. Figure 3 3. Diaulota megacephala Moore, labial palpi and ligula. Figure 34. Diaulota megacephala Moore, apex of mentum. Figure 3 5. Diaulota megacephala Moore, apex of abdomen of male, ventral view. Figure 36. Diaulota megacephala Moore, lateral lobe of male genitalia. Figure 37. Diaulota megacephala Moore, first three antennal segments. Figure 3 8. Diaulota megacephala Moore, outline of body of male, dorsal view. Figure 39. Diaulota vandykei Moore, apical margin of labrum. Figure 40. Diaulota vandykei Moore, labial palpi. Figure 41. Diaulota vandykei Moore, apical margin of mentum. Figure 42. Diaulota vandykei Moore, apex of abdomen of male, ventral view. Figure 43. Diaulota vandykei Moore, first three antennal segments. Figure 44. Diaulota vandykei Moore, outline of body of male, dorsal view. Plate 10 Figure 45. Amhlopusa brevipes Casey, apical margin of labrum. Figure 46. Amhlopusa brevipes Casey, apical margin of mentum. Figure 47. Amblopusa brevipes Casey, labial palpi and ligula. Figure 48. Amblopusa brevipes Casey, apical margin of sixth sternite of male. Figure 49. Amblopusa brevipes Casey, outline of body, dorsal view. Figure 5 0. Amblopusa borealis Casey, apical margin of labrum. Figure 51. Amblopusa borealis Casey, labial palpi and ligula. Figure 52. Amblopusa borealis Casey, inner and outer lobes of maxilla. Moore — Pacific Coast Phytosi 147 Figure 5 3. Amblopusa borealis Casey, apical margin of sixth sternite of male. Figure 54. Amblopusa borealis Casey, outline of body, dorsal view. Figure 5 5. Bryobiota bicolor (Casey) , apical margin of labrum. Figure 56. Bryobiota bicolor (Casey) , labial palpi and ligula. Figure 57. Bryobiota bicolor (Casey) , apical margin of mentum. Figure 5 8. Bryobiota bicolor (Casey), inner and outer lobes of maxilla. Figure 59. Bryobiota bicolor (Casey) , outline of body, dorsal view. Figure 60. Bryothinusa catalinae Casey, apical margin of labrum. Figure 61. Bryothinusa catalinae Casey, labial palpi and ligula. Figure 62. Bryothinusa catalinae Casey, apical margin of mentum. Figure 63. Bryothinusa catalinae Casey, ends of mandibles. Figure 64. Bryothinusa catalinae Casey, ends of outer and inner lobes of maxilla. Figure 6 5. Bryothinusa catalinae Casey, outline of body, dorsal view. Plate 11 Figure 66. Thinusa maritima (Casey) , apical margin of labrum. Figure 67. Thinusa maritima (Casey) , labial palpi and ligula. Figure 68. Thinusa maritima (Casey) , apical margin of mentum. Figure 69. Thinusa mariti ma (Casey) , maxilla. Figure 70. Thinusa maritima (Casey) , outline of body, dorsal view. Figure 71. Phytosus (Phytosus) spinifer Curtis, apical margin of labrum. Figure 72. Phytosus (Phytosus) spinifer Curtis, labial palpi and ligula. Figure 73. Phytosus (Phytosus) spinifer Curtis, apical margin of mentum. Figure 74. Phytosus (Phytosus) spinifer Curtis, outline of body, dorsal view. Figure 75. Phytosus (Actosus) nigriventris (Chevrolat) , outline of body, dorsal view. Figure 76. Phytosus (Actosus) balticus Kraatz, outline of body, dorsal view. Figure 77. Antarctophytosus atriceps (Waterhouse) , apical margin of labrum. Figure 78. Antarctophytosus atriceps (Waterhouse), labial palpi and ligula. Figure 79. Antarctophytosus atriceps (Waterhouse), apical margin of mentum. Figure 80. Antarctophytosus atriceps (Waterhouse), outline of body. dorsal view. 148 Moore — Pacific Coast Phytosi U f \ 5 TltLS 10 12 &~^ 13 14 PLATE 8 FOR EXPLANATION OF FIGURES SEE PAGE 145 Moore — Pacific Coast Phytosi 149 21 U 22 r — a 23 u 24 32 '~^v> 33 /^ 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 r mile from shore and under a probable maximum of 5 fathoms of water. Silt and fine sand composed the substratum. These conditions seem to be reflected in the ecologic composition of the fossil fauna, for Recent representatives of most of the species prefer or tolerate such an environment. Trie waters near the fossil locality were probably fairly quiet, and not consistently disturbed by wave action while the assemblage lived. Perhaps an offshore bar or spit protected this part of the platform at times from most wave action; Davis (1933, p. 1103) mentions this possibility in another connection. Moderately deep water or open ocean types must have been swept inshore by oc- casional storm waves, while exposed sandy beach and rocky shore forms may have been transported offshore through the action of currents and gravity. AGE AND FAUNAL AFFINITIES As noted above, the Dume terrace bevels tilted strata of Lower Pleistocene age, and the marine terrace deposits at Potrero Canyon contain a fauna characterized by many species that live today along the nearby coast, together with several markedly southern forms. Similar faunas are commonly found in strata assigned to the Upper Pleistocene of Southern California. The Potrero Canyon fauna may therefore be considered as Upper Pleistocene on both stratigraphic and faunal grounds. Similarities between the Upper Pleistocene fauna described by Willett from Playa Del Rey (1937) and the Potrero Canyon as- semblage are striking, as Woodring has noted (in Hoots, 1931, p. 122, and in Woodring, Bramlette, and Kew, 1946, p. 106). The two Potrero Canyon Pleistocene. J. W. Valentine 193 faunas have 194 species and varieties in common, while 96 forms from Playa Del Rey are not reported at Potrero Canyon, and 68 of the Potrero Canyon forms are not known from Playa Del Rey. The Playa Del Rey assemblage is slightly the larger (290 3 vs. 262 species and varieties). Differences between the two faunas are much smaller than these figures indicate. Of the forms not found in both faunas, only 20 from Playa Del Rey and 17 from Potrero Canyon are represented by more than 10 specimens in the very large collections available from each locality. Relative abundances of species in each assemblage are remarkably alike. Several species common to the two localities are not reported elsewhere in the Pleistocene of Southern California. These include Diacria trispinosa (plate 13, figs. 3, 4), Bivetopsia bullata (plate 13, figs. 1, 2), Engina strongi (plate 13, fig. 9), Hanetia elegans (plate 13, figs. 7, 8), and Calliostoma gloriosum (plate 13, figs. 5, 6). Several species from Playa Del Rey that are unknown at Potrero Can- yon are tidal marsh or mud flat forms, a biotope not represented at the latter locality. With this exception, both faunas have clearly been drawn from similar habitats within nearly the same range of ecologic condi- tions. Both faunas have essentially the same thermal significance as well. The bearing of the Potrero Canyon assemblage on the age of the Rancho La Brea vertebrate fauna has been discussed by Grant and Sheppard (1939, p. 308), who point out that the Rancho La Brea de- posits seem to be contained in the distal end of the Hollywood fan, one of a series of alluvial fans that blanket the northern margin of the Los Angeles basin. These fans appear to be roughly contem- poraneous with nonmarine terrace cover at Pacific Palisades. The vertebrate fauna is thus probably Upper Pleistocene, and somewhat younger than the Potrero Canyon assemblage. Precise correlation of the Dume terrace with individual terraces elsewhere in Southern California cannot yet be made, but the correlations suggested by Woodring (loc. cit.) are doubtless correct. That is, the Potrero Canyon assemblage belongs within a period of uncertain dura- tion in the Upper Pleistocene that is characterized faunally by the presence of a prominent southern molluscan element in protected habitat biofacies; to this period of time also belong the lowest terrace in the Palos Verdes Hills and possibly several of the earlier terraces, the Playa Del Rey deposits, and their correlatives. 3 The figures given for the Playa Del Rey assemblage differ slightly from Willett's, owing to the necessity for "splitting" or "lumping" a few forms in order to obtain uniform taxonomic treatment for both faunas. 194 San Diego Society of Natural History CHECKLIST OF FOSSILS Key Column 1, Clark collection: V — Very rare, less than 5 specimens. R — Rare, from 5 to 16 specimens. C — Common, from 17 to 64 specimens. A — Abundant, from 65 to 256 specimens. S — Superabundant, more than 256 specimens. Column 2, Woodring in Hoots, 1941 : X — Reported present. Column 3, Grant and Gale, 1931: Clk — Attributed to the Clark collection. Old — Attributed to the Oldroyd collection. Column 4, other authorities: B-l— Reported by Bartsch, 1911. B-2— Reported by Bartsch, 1917. Ber — Reported by Berry, 1922. Cha — Reported by Chace, 1917. Dal— Reported by Dall, 1922. Old— Reported by Oldroyd, 1921. Ray — Reported by Raymond, 1906. Riv — Reported by Rivers, 1904. Wdg — Reported by Woodring, 1946. Column 5, present geographic distribution: P — Present range includes the latitude of Potrero Canyon. S — Known to be living only south of Potrero Canyon. E — Not known to be living. SYSTEMATIC CHECKLIST 1 SPECIES and VARIETIES °3 PELECYPODA Nucula suprastriata Arnold S Nuculana taphria (Dall) S Yolida cooperi Gabb S Ostrea lunda Carpenter S Leptopecten latiauratus (Conrad) S Leptopecten latiauratus var. monotimeris (Conrad) S 2 3 4 rr\ C ~ !r 'S Wood. Hoots Gram Gale, 4> ■fa •£ c X X ... Old X ... c <-. o c - c U 3 P P P P P Potrero Canyon Pleistocene. J. W. Valentine 195 SYSTEMATIC CHECKLIST 1 SPECIES and VARIETIES u-s Lima hemphilli Hertlein & Strong V Anomia peruviana d'Orbigny C Pododesmus macroschisma (Deshayes) R Modiolus jornicatus Carpenter V Lithophaga plumula (Hanley) C Periploma planiusculum Sowerby C Pandora punctata Conrad C Crassinella branneri (Arnold) R Crassinella nuculiformis Berry V Chama pellucida Broderip C Pseudcchama exogyra (Conrad) S Epilucina calif ornica (Conrad) V Here excavata (Carpenter) C Lucinisca nuttallii (Conrad) S Parvilucina tenuisculpta (Carpenter) C Diplodonta orbella (Gould) Kellia laperousii (Deshayes) V Aligena cerritensis Arnold V Mysella aleutica (Dall) V Bornia retifera Dall V Laevicardium datum (Sowerby) R Trachycardium procerum (Sowerby) C Trachycardium quadrigenarium (Conrad) A Trigoniocardia biangulata (Sowerby) A Chione gnidia (Broderip & Sowerby) Chione undatella (Sowerby) Chione ci. C. undatella (Sowerby) V Chione undatella var. simillima (Sowerby) ....A "Chione" picta Dall R Protothaca tenerrima (Carpenter)^ Saxidomus nuttalli Conrad. A Transenella tantilla (Gould) Amiantis callosa (Conrad) , A Dosinia ponderosa (Gray) V Cooperella subdiaphana (Carpenter) aV Tellina buttoni Dall ..V Tellina idae Dall S Apolymetis biangulata (Carpenter) C Macoma indentata Carpenter S Woodring in Hoots, 1931 K> 3 ?! Other Authority ■*■ X ... X .... X ... X .... X .... Old' X ... X X ... Old Wdg X ... X ... X ... X ... Wdg X .... X ... X Clk c fi s ai 3 "» _o . Hypotype, U.C.L.A. coll., no. 27485. Length, 1.7 mm., greatest diameter, 0.8 mm. U.C.L.A. Loc. no. 3225. Potrero Canyon Pleistocene. J. W. Valentine 205 2 / Ik y ^15 Plate 13 TRANSACTIONS OF THE SAN DIEGO SOCIETY OF NATURAL HISTORY Volume XII. No. 11, pp. 207-230. Plates 14-17 NOTES ON SOME INTERTIDAL COLEOPTERA WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF THE EARLY STAGES (CARABIDAE, STAPHYLINIDAE, MALACHIIDAE) BY Ian Moore Research Associate in Co! copter a San Diego Museum of Natural History MUS. COMP. ZOOL LIBRARY SEP 1 3 1956 UNIVERSITY SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA Printed for the Society August 24, 1956 COMMITTEE ON PUBLICATION Laurence M. Klauber, Chairman Joshua L. Baily Charles C. Haines Carl L. Hubbs John A. Comstock, Editor Table of Contents Page Introduction 211 Table of seashore zones 212 Genus Thalassotrechns Van Dyke 213 T. barbarae barbarae (Horn) 214 T. barbarae nigripennis Van Dyke 214 Larva of T. barbarae (Horn) 215 Key to the known larvae of the Phytosi 216 Phytosus 216 Antarctophytosns 216 Liparocephalus 216 Diaidota 217 Key to the known larvae of Diaulota 217 D. dentissima Casey 217 D. fulviventris Moore 218 D. vandykei Moore 219 D. megacephala Moore or D. hartcri Moore 219 Genus Endeodes LeConte 220 E. collaris (LeConte) 220 E. rugiceps Blackwelder 221 E. insularis Blackwelder 222 Bibliography 223 Explanation of figures, Plates 14-17 224 Plate 14 226 Plate 15 227 Plate 16 228 Plate 17 229 vJI_l NOTES ON SOME INTERTIDAL COLEOPTERA WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF THE EARLY STAGES (CARABIDAE, STAPHYLINIDAE, MALACHIIDAE) By Ian Moore Research Associate in Coleoptera San Diego Museum of Natural History INTRODUCTION The rich and varied insect fauna of the Southern California seashore has been little investigated except for the describing and naming of species. The several distinctly different ecological situations in this realm, each of which supports its own assemblage of insect species, can be readily located in relation to each other according to the type of shore and to the range of the tide. The beetle fauna falls naturally into three main zones, with almost no overlapping of species between them. The three zones are deter- mined by the type of shore: whether it is (1) a mud flat of a bay or estuary, (2) a sandy beach, or (3) a rocky headland with a submerged reef. The beetle fauna of the mud flats is the least apparent of the three and is little known on the California coast. The sandy beaches support a very extensive insect fauna, of which Coleoptera comprise a major part. Of the three quite obvious horizontal subdivisions of this zone, each has its own group of species, a few of which are common to more than one subdivision. In the lowest subdivision, that of the fresh seaweed and wet sand, which is characterized by the presence of numerous amphipods, will be found Thinopinus pictus LeConte and Dyschirius marinus (LeConte). The next subzone is a narrow belt of patches of decaying seaweed, which is probably reached by only one or two high tides a month. Here are found a large number of species of beetles that feed largely on the larvae of the kelp flies. Most, but not all, of the genera found here are restricted to the sea beach. They include Cafiiis, Bryonomits, Bledins, Aleochara, Pbaleria, and Cercyon. Above this subzone is an area of patches of dry seaweed that are probably left there by a major storm or an exceptionally high tide. The genera, which again are largely restricted to this subzone, and some of which are representatives of families more commonly associated with dried cereals, include Epantius, Phyconomus, Catorama, and Endeodes. The up- per limit of this zone marks the edge of the intertidal area and the be- ginning of the sand-dune area, the fauna of which more closely resembles that of the desert fifty or more miles to the east. The last major zone, that of the rocky headlands and reefs, supports a fauna of beetles capable of living submerged in seawater for long periods. Two species of Diaulofa 212 San Diego Society of Natural History TABLE 1 ZONES OF THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA SEASHORE IN WHICH COLEOPTERA ARE FOUND, WITH SOME CHARACTERISTIC GENERA 1. MUD FLATS 2. SANDY BEACHES 3. ROCKY HEADLANDS AND REEFS B. Area of sea- lettuce Cicindela Tachys Bembidion Carpelimus A. Area of dry seaweed Endeodes Catorama Epantius Amblydertts Ant hi cm Phyconomus Phaleria B. Area of decay- ing seaweed Cercyon Saprinus Bledius Bryonomus Cafius Hadrotes Pontamalota Thinusa Bryobiota Tarphiota Aleochara Emplenota Motschulskium Phaleria Phycocoetes Emphyastes C. Area of fresh seaweed Cicindela Dyschirius Thinopinus {Bryonomus occasionally) A. Area of spray (Species from Zone 2B often take refuge here in cracks in the rocks.) B. Area of high tides Thalassotrechus Diglotta Bryothinusa Diatdota (Also Ochthebias, Amblopusa, Lip- arocephalus and Endeodes in Cen- tral California) C. Area of red seaweed down to mean low water Diaulota Moore — Intertidal Coleoptera 213 are found as far down as mean low water. Other species are found within a foot or two of average high water and some species are found more com- monly within the spray zone just above high water. All are found most often in fine, well-drained cracks in the rocks. Table 1 indicates the rela- tion of the various zones to each other as well as some of the commoner forms of Coleoptera to be found in each subzone. This paper deals with the beetles of the rocky shores of Southern California, with particular emphasis on the descriptions of the larvae of these forms and their near relatives of central California. CARABIDAE THALASSOTRECHUS Van Dyke This genus, described in 1918 by Van Dyke, was based on Trechus barbarae Horn 1 from Santa Barbara, California. At the time that Van Dyke described the genus, he also described another species, Thalassotrechus uigripennis Van Dyke from Moss Beach, San Mateo County, California. In 1951 I sent some examples of the genus to Van Dyke for identification and he wrote saying that all the southern specimens were barbarae and all the northern nigripcnnis. He stated that there was very little difference between the two and that he had actually considered tiigripemiis, when he described it, to be a subspecies of barbarae. My own series, now over one hundred specimens, substantiates this view. 2 There is no consistent ob- servable structural difference between the two forms, but if the specimens are divided into two groups, one from the north of Point Conception and one to the southward, certain characters stand out prominently. Nigripen- n'ts is distinctly larger, darker, and more shining. In a long series of larvae, I can find no structural difference, but most of the specimens of nigri- pennh are again definitely darker. Although Van Dyke considered certain specimens that I had collected at Gaviota, Santa Barbara County, Cali- fornia, as belonging to the northern subspecies, I now find that they are much closer to the southern series. The dividing point between the two subspecies is somewhere between Point Conception and the Big Sur region of Monterey County. The region just north of Point Conception seems 1 Anatrcchus Casey, 1918, Memoirs on the Coleoptera, VIII, p. 411, was based on the same species. According to Casey, 1920, p. 185, it appeared about a month after Van Dyke's paper and so is a synonym of Thalassotrechus. -Since the above was written, I have received from Dr. P. J. Darlington a copy of his The American Patrohini, Ent. Amer., vol. 18, No. 4, pp. 135-183, 1938, in which he discusses Thalassotrechus in some detail in a long footnote on pages 143-144, and states that the two forms are best considered subspecies. This suggested change has not yet been recorded in the Leng supplements. 214 San Diego Society of Natural History to be a barrier to the intertidal Coleoptera. Only one species of the genus Endeodes is known to occur on both sides of this area, the species of Diaulota are distinctly separated near this region, and Liparoccphalus cordi- collis LeConte and several other northern species are not known south of San Luis Obispo County. These observations are in accord with those of marine zoologists, many of whom consider Point Conception a divid- ing line between two faunal areas. The following is the distribution of the two subspecies as represented in my collection: Thalassotrechus barbarae barbarae (Horn) Punta Morro, north of Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico: adults and larvae in November, larvae in April. La Mision de San Miguel, Baja California: adults in November. San Diego, California: adults in October, larvae in March, April, and November. Gaviota, Santa Barbara County, California: adults in October and No- vember. Thalassotrechus barbarae nigripennis Van Dyke Pacific Grove, Monterey County, California: adults and larvae in October. Moss Beach, San Mateo County, California: adults and larvae in October. Van Dyke reported it also from Marin County, California. It must not be assumed from the foregoing dates that these forms are necessarily found only in the spring and fall. The main reason for these capture dates is probably that the very favorable spring and fall tides lead one to search for intertidal insects at these times. On the summer trips time is spent more commonly on the beach when the kelp fauna is richest and when low tides are usually at an unfavorable time of day. Thalasso- trechus is not particularly common, but when it is found, several speci- mens are often together. It is encountered near the upper reaches of the intertidal area in well-drained cracks in the rocks, in association with Liparocephalus cordicollis LeConte in central California, and with Diaulota fulviventris Moore in southern California and Baja California. As when collecting other intertidal rock-dwelling insects, the cracked rocks must be split open with a wrecking bar or some other implement to expose the insects. When uncovered, the adults run for shelter rather rapidly, but by no means as fast as most small terrestrial carabids. The larvae are more sluggish than the adults and probably feed on the larvae of chironomid flies, which are often found with them. Moore — Intertidal Coleoptera 2 1 5 Larva of Thalassotrechus barbarae Horn Body elongate, cylindrical, somewhat depressed. Color testaceous to piceous, head and pronotum often lighter than abdomen. Integuments very shining, heavily chitinized, glabrous except for rather sparsely placed, long, strong setae. Head quadrate, about as wide as long. Eyes of six ocelli on each side near the anterior angles; anterior three ocelli largest. Coronal suture meeting frontal sutures at angles of 120 degrees. Frontal sutures biarcuate, the two arcs meeting in an inward pointing cusp. Mandibles falcate, slender, as long as head, with a small tooth at the middle of the inner margin. Antennae half as long as mandible; the last and penultimate segments each strongly geniculate; the penultimate bearing a small acorn- shaped seta at middle of its strongly diagonally beveled apex and one long seta on each side of apex; last segment with three long, strong setae at apex. Maxilla with lacina not separate from the stipes, galea with segments of equal length, the first segment with a long seta at the tip, second seg- ment geniculate to first. Labial palpi two-segmented, first segment three times as long as wide, second one-third as wide as first and one-third as long. Ligula very small, one-fifth as long as first segment of labial palpi, semi-quadrate with a very long, stout seta at tip and a small seta on each side of tip. Thorax with first segment at widest part of body, a little longer than second or third, subquadrate but arcuate at posterior margin; second and third segments subquadrate, each considerably wider than long. Abdomen long, slender, tapering toward the tip; the tergal plates sepa- rated from the pleural plates by wide areas of membrane; tergal plates with distinct longitudinal suture. Urogomphus long, slender, not seg- mented, with three long spines at outer edge and three more at tip. Pseudo- pode two-thirds as long as urogomphus. Legs pale, not strong, bearing one sharp claw. Length 7.5 mm. STAPHYLINIDAE SUBFAMILY ALEOCHARINAE The larvae of only four of the ten genera at present placed in the subtribe Phytosi of the tribe Bolitocharini have been discussed in the literature. As the larvae of Diaulota have never been described in detail, and larvae of four of the five known species are at hand, it seems worth- while to describe these and to compare them with the known larvae of the other genera. 216 San Diego Society of Natural History KEY TO THE KNOWN LARVAE OF THE GENERA OF THE PHYTOSI A. Apex of ninth abdominal segment truncate Pbyfosm AA. Apex of ninth abdominal segment produced in two prominent appendages. B. Urogomphus two-segmented Antarctophytosus BB. Urogomphus less than two-segmented C. Antennae three-segmented Liparocephalus CC. Antennae four-segmented Diaulota PHYTOSUS Curtis The larva of Pbytosus nigriventris (Chevrolat) was described and figured by Fauvel in 1862. According to him, the antennae are of four segments; the first and last are small, and the supplementary segment (a modified seta of the second) is unusually long (it is figured as being about half as long as the third segment). The mandibles have no visible tooth internally. The eyes are of a single ocellus on each side. The maxillary palpi are of three segments; the first is quite small, the second several times as long, and the third long, setiform and sharply pointed, so that the entire palpus has the aspect of a long spine. He called particular attention to the enlarged middle and posterior femora. The eighth abdominal segment has a noticeable tubercle above, in the center of the apical margin. The ninth segment is apparently truncate without the prolongations (urogomphi) typical of Diaulota. ANTARCTOPHYTOSUS Waterhouse I am indebted to Renaud Paulian for bringing to my attention the fact that in a previous paper on the Phytosi I overlooked that, in 1941, he described the true larva of Antarctophytosus and showed that Ender- lein's earlier description was based on a misidentification. According to Paulian, the antennae are three-segmented with the modified seta not as long as segment three. The mandibles are bidentate at the apex. The three- segmented maxillary palpi have the last segment acuminate. The labial palpi are two-segmented. The urogomphi are two-segmented with the first segment shorter and stouter than the second. LIPAROCEPHALUS Maklin Saunders in 1928, and Chamberlin and Ferris in considerably greater detail in 1929, have published figures of the larvae of Liparocephalus cordi- collis LeConte (as L. brevipennis Maklin). I have specimens of the larvae from Pigeon Point, San Mateo County, California, before me, so any dif- Moore — Intertidal Coleoptera 217 ference between the following brief description and former ones should be construed as my own opinion. The antennae are of three segments, the first short and wide, the second long and stout, the third slender but longer than the modified setae which with it occupies the apex of the sec- ond segment. The mandibles are curved, with a median tooth internally and with serrations basad from the median tooth. The eyes are of a single facet on each side. The maxillary palpi are three-segmented and the labial palpi two-segmented. The eighth abdominal tergite is produced medially near its apex in a large, dark, very prominent tubercle. The uro- gomphi are produced on each side of the apex of the ninth segment as a short, stout process to which is articulated a long, slender, stalk-like process, bearing at its tip a long seta. DIAULOTA Casey The larva of this genus has been figured in toto by Saunders in 1928, and some parts have been shown in greater detail by Chamberlin and Fer- ris in 1929. The antenna is of four segments, with the modified seta at the apex of the second, either longer or shorter than the third segment, de- pending on the species. The mandibles bear an internal tooth. In one species (D. fnlviventris Moore) there are serrations between the median tooth and the tip. The eyes consist of a single facet on each side. The maxillary palpi are of three segments and the labial palpi of two. The tubercle at the dorsal apex of the eighth segment is not as pronounced as in Liparocep- balus. The urogomphi are very large, variable specifically, and usually with a very minute segment articulated at the point. The determinations as to species were made largely by association and elimination, but I am reasonably certain that they are correct. KEY TO THE KNOWN LARVAE OF THE SPECIES OF DIAULOTA A. Mandibles serrate internally between median tooth and tip fulviventris AA. Mandibles simple internally between median tooth and tip. B. Urogomphi bent sharply upward at tip densissima BB. Urogomphi straight or nearly -so. C. Modified seta of second antennal segment at least as long as third .... vandykci CC. Modified seta of second antennal segment much shorter than third megacephala Larva of Diaulota densissima Casey Body elongate and subparallel, a little wider toward apex of abdomen. Integuments well chitinized, shining, sparsely punctured, and glabrous except for numerous setae, which are more abundant toward the sides. Color dark grey, with eighth abdominal segment black and ninth reddish; 218 San Diego Society of Natural History under parts very pale. Head nearly round, as long as wide. Mandibles without serrations between median tooth and tip; median tooth very large. Antenna with first segment shorter than wide; second rectangular, over twice as long as wide, with a seta on each side near apex; third seg- ment less than half as wide as second, about twice as long as wide, distinct- ly shorter than acorn-like seta at apex of second, with two small setae approximated near apex; fourth segment half as wide as third and about as long as wide, with two apical setae. Pronotum nearly square, widest at apex; sides nearly straight; about as wide as head. Second thoracic seg- ment about half as long as pronotum and a little wider; third a little shorter and a little wider. Abdomen with first segment about as wide as thorax but somewhat shorter than third thoracic segment, second to seventh each a little longer than preceding, eighth longer than seventh but narrower, with the apex produced posteriorly in the center in a small wide lobe. Urogomphi bend sharply upward at tip. Legs pale, shining with a few setae. Length 1.8 mm. This description is based on a specimen taken at Pigeon Point, San Mateo County, California, in October, in company with adults. This agrees well with the larva chosen by Chamberlin and Ferris as representa- tive of this species. The very long, modified seta of the second antennal segment and the sharply upturned urogomphus readily separate this species from the others. Larva of Diaulota fulviventris Moore Body elongate,' subparallel, a little wider posteriorly. Integuments well chitinized, shining, sparsely punctured, and glabrous, except for numerous setae, particularly toward the side. Color black to reddish brown, paler below, with urogomphi testaceous. Head nearly round, a little narrowed in front. Mandibles with serrations between median tooth and tip. An- tennae with first segment wider than long; second narrower, more than twice as long as wide, with two setae, one near the middle and the other near the apex; third segment half as wide as second, about twice as long as wide; fourth very small; modified seta at apex of second segment about half as long as third segment. Pronotum considerably wider than head, nearly twice as wide as long, second and third segments shorter but as wide as first. Abdomen very similar to that of D. densissima Casey. Length 1.6 mm. Four specimens from Punta Morro, north of Ensenada, Baja Cali- Moore — Intertidal Coleoptera 219 fornia, Mexico, two in April and two in November, and nine specimens from La Jolla, San Diego, California, in September and November, all taken in company of the adults. The larva of this species differs from all the other larvae by having serrations between the median tooth and tip of the mandibles. The larvae of this species and those of D. dcnsissima Casey are more easily separated than are the adults of the two. Larva of Diaulota vandykei Moore Elongate, subparallel, but widest near the abdominal apex. Integu- ments shining but very minutely roughened. Color yellow to reddish brown, with eighth abdominal segment sometimes black. Head somewhat quadrate as in the adult. Mandibles without serrations between median tooth and tip. Antennae with first segment about as long as wide; second narrow, twice as long as wide, with a small median beanlike seta, on each side of which is a long seta; third segment three times as long as wide, with a seta on each side of apex; fourth short, modified seta at apex of second segment about as long as third segment. Pronotum subquadrate, a little wider than long; sides evenly arcuate. Second thoracic segment less than half as long as pronotum, a little wider; third about equal to second. Abdomen with eighth segment broad. Urogomphus curved up- ward slightly at tip. Length 1.9 mm. Seven specimens from Shell Beach, San Luis Obispo County, Cali- fornia, were taken in company with over one hundred adults from a reef exposed near mean low water. Although these are not from the type locality and differ somewhat from the type series, I believe that they be- long to this species. The length of the modified antennal seta readily distinguishes this species. Larva of Diaulota megacephala Moore or Diaulota harteri Moore Elongate, wider posteriorly. Integuments smooth, shining, and gla- brous, except for scattered setae. Color pale yellow to ferruginous, with a small black spot near the center of the eighth tergite. Head ovoid, wider than long. Mandibles without serrations between median tooth and tip. Antenna with first segment short; second twice as long as wide, a seta each side of apex; third less than half as wide as second, more than twice as long as wide, with a seta at apex; fourth very small, with two small 220 San Diego Society of Natural History setae at apex; modified seta at apex of second segment as wide as third segment but only two-thirds as long. Pronotum subquadrate, wider than long, wider than head. Second and third segments about as wide as prono- tum and about half as long. Abdomen with eighth segment produced in the center of the apical margin in a small, black, truncate lobe. Urogomphus long, slender, sharply pointed, and not curved upward at the tip. No minute articulation at tip of urogomphus. Length 1.4 mm. Eight specimens taken at La Jolla, San Diego, California, in company with adults of both species which are usually found together. Because of the larger head it seems more likely that this is the larva of megacephala than of barter/. The former is the commoner species. This larva is easily known by the simple tips of the mandibles and by the short antennal seta, as well as by the straight urogomphus. MALACHIIDAE ENDEODES LeConte Of the five known species of Endeodes, I have examples of the larvae of the three semi-intertidal species. The larvae of the two southern species are unknown but apparently are not intertidal rock-dwellers; the adults are seashore inhabitants in the dry kelp above high tide. I believe no larva of this genus has as yet been described. The three closely related species discussed here are all found on the sea beaches of central California. Some- times the adults are found under debris on the sandy beaches, but more commonly I have found adults and larvae together in damp cracks in the rocks just at, or just above, the high-tide mark. Larva of Endeodes collaris (LeConte) Body fusiform, roughly three and one-half times as long as wide. Color dark sand to piceous, with the head often ferruginous, the legs and undersides lighter, and the ninth abdominal segment entirely black above. Sometimes a triangular black spot in center of head, a large oblong central black spot and two small lateral black spots on pronotum, a small black spot on each side of second and third thoracic segments. First to eighth abdominal segments and usually all three thoracic segments with a pale circle on each side, in the center of which is a minute black spot. These pale circles are hardly apparent on the thorax of dark specimens. Head nearly square, shining, finely granulose throughout, sparsely and very finely pubescent with a few long setae near the ocelli. Eyes of four ocelli near the anterior angle, with the three front ocelli in a row. Coronal suture Moore — Intertidal Coleoptera 221 meeting the straight frontal sutures at an angle of 120°. Mandibles deeply notched at tip to form two teeth, one dorsal to the other and with a small median tooth at inner edge. Antennae very short, retractable in a telescop- ing manner; first segment a little longer than wide; second narrower, half as long as wide, with three setae near apex; third segment less than half as wide as second and twice as long, with two setae remote from apex; the large acorn-shaped setae of second segment wider than third segment and nearly as long. Labrum distinct, apically arcuate. Maxillary palpi short and robust; each segment wider than long except the last, which is more than twice as long as wide. Labial palpi two-segmented; first segment twice as long as wide; second narrower but of same proportions. Ligula about as long as first segment of labial palpi, wide and broadly rounded at apex. Thorax not strongly chitinized, rather densely and minutely punctured throughout, and clothed with a very fine, pale pubescence; a strong lateral seta on each side of each segment; third segment widest, almost twice as wide as head. Pronotum subquadrate to oval, as long as head, half again as wide as long; second segment wider than first, more than twice as wide as long; third segment about as long as second and a little wider. Abdomen not chitinized, with first eight segments gradually narrower toward apex; first segment a little shorter than the others, which are subequal in length. Surface finely, not densely punctured, and finely, transversely rugulose, finely pubescent with a few moderate setae. Ninth segment heavily chitinized, finely granulose, finely pubescent with num- erous strong setae. Urogomphus not segmented, twice as long as wide, pointed; apex with a very small upturned hook. Legs slender, pale, sparsely pubescent and shining, with a single claw at apex. Length 5 mm. Three specimens were taken at Santa Cruz, California, in September, in company with five adults. Five taken in October, at Pacific Grove, Monterey County, California, in cracks in the rocks just above high tide and just above the area in which Liparocepbaliis and Diaulota are found in this region. The rocks were covered with a heavy coating of bird droppings. Larva of Endeodes rugiceps Blackwelder Very similar to the larva of E. collans (LeConte) but lighter in color and with the urogomphus ferruginous above and below, at least at its apical half. Seven larvae from Pacific Grove, Monterey County, California; one adult and twenty-five larvae from Shell Beach, San Luis Obispo County, 222 San Diego Society of Natural History California. At Shell Beach a point of soft sandstone dividing two small coves terminates in a precipitous cliff which, except at low tide, is mois- tened by the spray of a heavy surf. All the specimens were found in a horizontal crack at the top of a ledge which was about halfway down the cliff and about five feet above extreme high water. As pieces of stone were pried away from the ledge, the lower surface of the crack was ex- posed, revealing several larvae in an area about a foot square. Each larva was in a slightly oblong cell bounded by loose debris. The cell was about twice the length of the insect and about one-sixteenth of an inch thick (the thickness of the crack). From each cell ran a poorly defined pathway an inch or two long leading out to other areas of the crack. This pathway, which was about the width of the insect, was bordered by the same loose debris as the cell. It was most sharply defined where it joined the cell, becoming gradually more indistinct until it disappeared. The cells were separated from each other by several inches. Larva of Endeodes insularis Blackwelder A single larva and a single pupa were taken in company with several adults at Gaviota State Park, Santa Barbara County, California, and are assigned to this species because of their association with the adults. They were taken in company with Thalassotrechus barbarae (Horn) at different spots in the cracks of a tilted sedimentary deposit which would be covered by the high tide. This larva is inseparable from those of E. riigiceps Black- welder and may belong to that species rather than this one. Pupa of Endeodes insularis (?) Blackwelder Body fusiform, strongly flattened dorsoventrally; head deflexed. Pale, testaceous throughout, transluscent; integuments soft and flexible, sparsely pubescent, and with numerous large setae. Nearly-formed body of adult clearly distinguishable within. Head, thorax, and abdomen each forming a close fitting, clearly demarked cover for those segments of adult. Each leg and each antenna with separate sack which closely approximates shape of these parts in adult except for being considerably stouter. Antennal sack clearly segmented and about twice as wide as the adult antenna, which can be seen lying loosely within. Length. 3.5 mm. It is not possible to identify this pupa with certainty as that of E. insularis Blackwelder, but the association with the adults makes such an identification very likely correct. Moore — Intertidal Coleoptera 22 3 BIBLIOGRAPHY Bernhauer, Max and Scheerpeltz, Otto. 1926. Coleopterorum catalogus, pars 82, Staphylinidae VI, pp. 499- 988. Berlin. Blackwelder, Richard Eliot. 1932. The genus Endcodes LeConte. Pan.-Pac. Ent., vol. 8, pp. 128- 136, 3 figs. Boving, Adam G. and Craighead, F. C. 1930. An illustrated synopsis of the principal larval forms of the order Coleoptera. Ent. Am., vol. 11, pp. 1-3 51. Casey, Thomas Lincoln. 1893. Coleopterological notices, V. Ann. New York Acad. Sci., vol. 7, pp. 281-606. Chamberlin, J. S., and Ferris, G. F. 1929. On Liparocepbalus and allied genera. Pan.-Pac. Ent., Vol. 5, pp. 137-143, 153-162. Chevrolat, Louis Alexandre Auguste. 1843. Description d'une nouvelle espece du genre Myrmedonia. Revue Zoologique, vol. 6, pp. 42-43. Enderlein, Giinther. 1909. Die Insekten des Antarktischen Gebietes. Deutsche Siidpolar- Exp., vol. 10, Zool. II, (1908) 1909, pp. 361-518. Fauvel, Albert. 1862. Notice sur quelque aleochariens nouveaux ou peu connus et description de larves de Pbyfosus et Lep/usa. Ann. Soc. Ent. France, ser. 4, vol. 2, pp. 81-94. Fenyes, Adelbert. 1918. Coleoptera: Fam. Staphylinidae, subfam. Aleocharinae. Gen- era Insectorum, fasc."173a, pp. 1-110. 1920. Coleoptera: Fam. Staphylinidae, subfam. Aleocharinae. Gen- era Insectorum, fasc. 173b, pp. 111-414. Horn, George Henry. 1872. Synopsis of the Malachiidae of the United States. Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, vol. 4, pp. 109-127. 1892. Random studies in North American Coleoptera. Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, vol. 19, pp. 40-48. 224 San Diego Society of Natural History LeConte, John Lawrence. 18 52. Catalogue of the Melyrides of the United States with descrip- tion of new species. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., vol. 6, pp. 163-171. 1860. Description of some genera and species of Coleoptera from the vicinity of the southern boundary of the U. S. Arcanae Naturae, vol. 3, pp. 121-128. 18 80. Short studies of North American Coleoptera. Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, vol. 8, pp. 163-218. Moore, Ian. 19 56. A revision of the Pacific Coast Phytosi with a review of the foreign genera. Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. XII, No. 7, pp. 103-152. Paulian, Renaud. 1941. Les premiers etats des staphylinoidea. Mem. Mus. Nat. Hist. Nat., vol. 15, pp. 1-361, 1367 figs., 3 pis. Saunders, L. G. 1929. Some marine insects of the Pacific Coast of Canada. Ann. Ent. Soc. Am., vol. 21, pp. 521-545. Schaeffer, Charles. 1901. Synopsis of the species of Trechus, with description of a new species. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 14, pp. 209-212. Van Dyke, Edwin Cooper. 1918. New inter- tidal rock-dwelling Coleoptera from California. Ent. News, vol. 29, pp. 303-308. Explanation of Figures Plate 14 Figure 1. Urogomphi and pseudopode of larva of Thalassotrcchus bar- bar ae (Horn). Figure 2. Ocelli of larva of Thalassotrcchus bar barac (Horn). Figure 3. Larva of Thalassotrcchus barbarac (Horn), dorsal view. Figure 4. Labium and maxilla of larvae of Thalassotrcchus barbarac (Horn). Figure 5. Mandible of larva of Thalassotrcchus barbarae (Horn). Figure 6. Posterior leg of larva of Thalassotrcchus barbarac (Horn). Figure 7. Antenna of larva of Thalassotrcchus barbarae (Horn). Moore — Intertidal Coleoptera 22 5 Plate 15 Figure 8. Antenna of larva of Diaulofa densissima Casey. Figure 9. Mandible of larva of Diaulofa densissima Casey. Figure 10. Outline of body of larva of Diaulofa densissima. Casey, dorsal view. Figure 11. Ninth abdominal segment of larva of Diaulofa densissima Casey, lateral view. Figure 12. Antenna of larva of Diaulofa fulviventris Moore. Figure 13. Mandible of larva of Diaulofa fulviventris Moore. Figure 14. Larva of Diaulofa fulviventris Moore, dorsal view. Figure 15. Ninth abdominal segment of larva of Diaulofa fulviventris Moore, lateral view. Plate 16 Figure 16. Antenna of larva of Diaulofa vandykei Moore. Figure 17. Mandible of larva of Diaulofa vandykei Moore. Figure 18. Outline of body of larva of Diaulofa vandykei Moore, dorsal view. Figure 19. Ninth abdominal segment of larva of Diaulofa vandykei Moore, lateral view. Figure 20. Antenna of larva of Diaulofa megacephala Moore or of Diau- lofa harteri Moore. Figure 21. Mandible of larva of Diaulofa megacephala Moore or of Diau- lofa harteri Moore. Figure 22. Outline of body of larva of Diaulofa megacephala Moore or of Diaulofa harteri Moore. Figure 23. Ninth abdominal segment of larva of Diaulofa megacephala Moore or of Diaulofa harteri Moore. Plate 17 Figure 24. Larva of Endeodes collaris (LeConte), dorsal view. Figure 2 5. Antenna of larva of Endeodes collaris (LeConte). Figure 26. Labium and maxillary palpus of larva of Endeodes collaris (LeConte) . Figure 27. Mandible of larva of Endeodes collaris (LeConte). Figure 28. Pupa of Endeodes insularis (?) Blackwelder, lateral view. Figure 29. Pupa of Endeodes insularis (?) Blackwelder, ventral view. Figure 30. Pupa of Endeodes insularis (?) Blackwelder, dorsal view. 226 Moore — Intertidal Coleoptera PLATE 14 FOR EXPLANATION OF FIGURES SEE PAGE 224 Moore — Intertidal Coleoptera 227 1^ K't / iv^kftfe- 7|£ *v V (fb.lL'm.COlW ?<■;:? : g@& >\ ^v^' PIP' r "• ?¥??$ |S fe? fep PLATE 15 FOR EXPLANATION OF FIGURES SEE PAGE 225 228 Moore — Intertidal Coleoptera 'V' "p PLATE 16 tt 'S^.j_/-//i t .V4_' h v / VvV74 22 FOR EXPLANATION OF FIGURES SEE PAGE 225 Moore — Intertidal Coleoptera 229 29 M 26 PLATE 17 FOR EXPLANATION OF FIGURES SEE PAGE 225 uunn. ; Japr 9 TRANSACTIONS j jj|jfe OF THE SAN DIEGO SOCIETY OF NATURAL HISTORY Volume XII, No. 12, pp. 231-262 Plates 18-21 A NEW SPECIES OF MEGATHYMUS FROM BAJA CALIFORNIA, MEXICO (Lepidoptera : Megathymidae) BY Charles F. Harbison Curator of Entomology San Diego Society of Natural History SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA Printed for the Society March 15, 1957 TABLE OF CONTENTS £ WflffilFf \ Frontispiece, Plate 18 !T.....'.7234 Introduction 235 Acknowledgments 237 Plant Association 238 Laboratory Procedure _ 239 Megathymus corns toe ki, new species Type Specimens _ 241 Holotype Male 242 The head and its appendages _ 242 The thorax and its appendages 243 Wings of holotype 243 Upper surface 243 Under surface 244 Legs of holotype 245 Tarsi 245 The abdomen and its appendages 246 Allotype Female 246 The head and its appendages 246 The thorax and its appendages 247 Wings of allotype 247 Upper surface 247 Under surface 248 Legs of allotype 248 The abdomen and its appendages 249 Study of the Paratype series 250 Appendages of the head 250 Antenna 250 Labial palpus 250 The thorax and its appendages 250 The wings 251 Tarsus 252 Genitalia 252 Comparison of the new species with related species 252 Megathymus stepbensi Skinner 253 Megathymus mariae Barnes and Benjamin 254 Megathymus polingi Skinner 255 Summary 256 Bibliography 256 Explanation of figures, Plates 19 - 20 258 Plate 19 259 Plate 20 260 Plate 21 261 Upper Panel Agave shawii Engelmann {orcuttiana Trelease) as it grows on the hills east of San Simon, Baja California. This is the host plant of Megathymus comstocki. The photo- graphs from which the cuts were made, were reproduced from kodachromes taken by the author in the type locality of the new species. Lower Panel Typical group of A. shawii in the type locality of Megathymus comstocki- The relatively large size of the agave will be particularly noted. E. P. Chace at right, in readiness for collecting. A NEW SPECIES OF MEGATHYMUS FROM BAJA CALIFORNIA, MEXICO (Lepidoptera : Megathymidae) BY Charles F. Harbison Curator of Entomology San Diego Society of Natural History INTRODUCTION In the literature covering the Lepidoptera of Baja California, Mexico, there is little information on the megathymids. No Megathy- mus is listed in the Rindge 1948 paper, "Rhopalocera of Lower California." Dr. Cockerell's 1941 article, "Observations on Plants and Insects in Northwestern Baja California, Mexico, with Descrip- tions of New Bees," does not list any species of these interesting butterflies. In Dr. Hoffmann's, "Catalogo de Lepidopteros Mexicanos" of 1941, two species, M. yucca navajo Skinner and M. stephensi Skinner are given as occurring in Baja California. No exact locality is mentioned for either. I believe that the species are listed because their known occurrence in adjacent San Diego County, California, suggested a probable extension of range south of the international boundary. In late August of 1953, the new megathymid described in this paper was discovered during a collecting trip with Mr. Laurence M. Huey, Curator of Birds and Mammals, San Diego Society of Natural History, Mr. Huey's wife, Mrs. Eva Huey, and Mr. Wesley Farmer of the Museum's Activities Department. We camped about two miles northeast of San Simon on the north side of San Simon (Santa Maria) River Valley. Dr. Carl L. Hubbs of Scripps Institution of Oceanography, who has often visited the region states that "the locality is about six miles east-southeast of the present village of San Quintin, which is located at the old mill, approximately three miles northwest of the old, now abandoned village of San Quintin." Both localities are on Bahia San Quintin. (Lat 30° 23' N). Mr. Farmer and the author succeeded, after much effort, in collecting a series of ten males and two females. The butterflies are strong and rather erratic flyers and to net one requires considerable stalking and agility. The specimens captured were in very poor shape by the time they were quieted by the cyanide killing-jar fumes. Anxious to obtain a longer series and more perfect specimens before describing 236 San Diego Society of Natural History this new insect, the author made two return trips to the vicinity, one in December, 1953, and the other on August 11, 1954. He planned to collect the immature stages in the host plant and to rear the imagines. These could be killed before they had damaged themselves. No larvae or pupae were obtained on either trip. The adult butterflies were not expected to be on the wing on the December visit but it was hoped that some could be captured on the August 11th trip. Apparently this was too early. On this latter trip, the author was accompanied by Mr. Jerry Powell and Mr. F. James Rohlf, both enthusiastic entomologists. If the butterflies had been on the wing, some certainly would have been seen. Early in September, 1955, the author, accompanied by a group of his entomological friends, returned again to the vicinity of the first collection of the new species. On September 6, his cousin, Mrs. Marion Beckler, an author of children's books, accompanied him down to Colonia Guerrero where they met two other members of the expedition, Mr. Ian Moore, Research Associate in Coleoptera at the San Diego Natural History Museum, and Mr. Joe McKenney, a pre-medical student at Stanford University. Mr. McKenney had succeeded in netting one of the butterflies at Camalu, several miles north of Colonia Guerrero and almost thirty miles north of the original locality. The next day, these four went south to Laguna Santa Maria where they spent part of two days and one night collecting. No megathymids were taken and none were expected. On September 8, the four members of the expedition returned to San Simon, up the river valley at the base of the low, flat-topped hills, about three miles northeast of the ponds and beach. Mr. Moore then headed north to the United States. The three remaining members of the early group, while exploring the hillsides and flat mesas above the store at San Simon, captured several specimens of the new butterfly. That evening the party was joined by Dr. Francis X. Williams, Research Associate in Hymenoptera at the Museum, his wife, Mrs. Louisa C. Williams, Dr. John Adams Comstock, a Director of the Society of Natural History, the Museum's Editor of publications, and an experienced collector of Megathymus larvae and pupae, and Mr. E. P. Chace, Curator of Conchology and Marine Invertebrates of the San Diego Society of Natural History. The party camped about two miles northeast of San Simon on the north side of the broad San Simon River valley near an old eucalyptus tree on the floor of a branch canon. A New Megathymus. C. F. Harbison 237 On the next day the entomologists proceeded to work the agaves growing north of the camp site, for larvae and pupae. We found that with an ax and machete, we could cut the long horizontal trunk of each plant below the green basal leaves. We then proceeded to tip the plant over so that the sharp terminal spines on the leaves were forced into the ground below. This anchored the plant in an up-side- down position. The entomologists and the conchologist then removed one leaf at a time from the stalk, examining each leaf, in turn, for indication of megathymid infestation. The infested leaves were placed in pillow cages made of copper screen-wire cloth. These were sealed by folding over the screen at the open end and running a piece of wire through the fold to keep it closed. The infested leaves were brought back to the United States under special permit from both Mexican and American Governments and the immature stages reared through to imago by Dr. Comstock. Later in the day Mr. Paul Arnaud, a staff member of the California Bureau of Plant Quarantine, based in San Diego, and Mr. Arthur Lee of the San Diego City and County Health Department joined the party. The combined group collected a fine series of specimens constituting most of the types of the new species. Acknowledgments The author wishes to express his appreciation to his many friends for the assistance given. Mr. Lee Passmore, local naturalist and nature photographer, made a series of kodachromes of the adult insect. Mr. T. W. Pace, a commercial photographer, took the black- and-white photographs that illustrate several type specimens (Plate 21 ). Dr. H. Avery Freeman of Garland, Texas, gave valued advice and furnished a male and female paratype of M. maculosa Freeman. On three separate visits, Mr. Lloyd M. Martin, Associate Curator of the Department of Entomology in the Los Angeles County Museum, made available for study the entire collection of his institution, and loaned the author two males and two females of Megathymus mar'iae Barnes and Benjamin and one female of M. polingi Skinner. He also permitted the author to make slides of the genitalia of these specimens. His advice and suggestions were very valuable. Mr. Fred Thorne of the San Diego County Department of Agriculture made important suggestions and gave the author some megathymids. Mr. Wesley Farmer collected most of the original series of the new species in 1953. 238 San Diego Society of Natural History To Mr. Joe McKenney is due our particular thanks for the long series of passably good material of the new species he collected and submitted. Some of these were given to the Society; in fact, the holotype male was supplied through the courtesy of Mr. McKenney. Mr. E. P. Chace worked arduously with the author and Dr. Comstock in digging the immature insects out of the century plants. Mrs. Mildred H. Meeder, the Librarian of the San Diego Society of Natural History, has helped by obtaining needed publications. To Colonel Arthur F. Fischer, who was Director of the San Diego Natural History Museum while the study was being made, the author wishes to extend thanks for his continuous interest. To Dr. John Adams Comstock is due special thanks for his interest and for his enthusiastic help in the field. The new species is named in honor of this outstandng lepidopterist. PLANT ASSOCIATION Both north and south of the broad, sandy Arroyo San Simon are high, flat-topped rocky mesas covered with extensive growths of a century plant or maguey, which is the host plant of the new butterfly. We have heretofore been designating this plant Agave orcuttiana Trelease, the type of which was collected at San Quintin in 1886 by Charles Russell Orcutt, for whom the species was named by Dr. William Trelease in his monograph on "The Agaves of Lower California." This name was considered valid by Alwin Berger in his "Die Agaven" in 1915.= Dr. L. H. and Ethel Zoe Bailey listed Agave orcuttiana Trelease, in their 1941 "Hortus Second." In Dr. Bailey's 1935 "Hortus" there is no listing of A. orcuttiana but in his 1944 reprinting of his "Encyclopedia of Horticulture" he gave A. orcuttiana under his heading, Agave shawii, as a related species. Dr. Ivan M. Johnston in his 1924 report on the botany of "the Expedition of the California Academy of Sciences to the Gulf of California in 1921", stated that in his opinion " 'Agave shawii Engelmann includes A. sebastiana Greene, A. orcuttiana Trelease, A. pachyacantha Tre- lease, and A. goldmaniana Trelease." Dr. Reid Moran and Dr. George E. Lindsay, in their 1951 paper on "San Benito Island" 4 stated that, "in view of the intergradation that apparently exists, some of these species seem rather weak." In conformity with these later opinions we are 1 Rep. Mo. Bot. Gard. 22 : 47, 1912 2 Gustav Fischer, Jena, 1915. p. 17 1. 3 Proc. Calif. Acad. Sciences 12 : 1003. 1924 * Desert Plant Life, 23 : 83. 1951 A New Megathymus. C. F. Harbison 239 considering the species of agave occurring at and near San Quintin as only a non-specific variation of a widely ranging species, Agave shawii Engelmann. The high mesa country north of the San Simon River Valley is dissected by many steep-sided gullies and small canons. These drain southeastward and enter the main valley almost at right angles. Many of these canons have a number of forks as they penetrate the great mesa and drain it during the infrequent rains. By following up one of these forks to its source one finds himself on a flat-topped, rock- covered plateau that extends almost level for miles, and is covered with little vegetation. The agave is the dominant plant of the canon sides and hill tops near the large valley. (See plate 18.) It seems to prefer to grow in rocky ground along with PITAHAYA agria, Machaerocereus gummosus (Englemann) Britton and Rose, and COCHAL, Myrtillocactus cochal (Orcutt) Britton and Rose. GRAY bur-shrub., Franseria chenopo- diifolia Bentham, and the low growing California box-thorn, Lycium californicum Nuttall also clothe the steep rocky sides of the branch canons. On the flat-topped mesas near the main valley are numerous specimens of the BRANDEGEE WREATH CACTUS, N eomammillaria bmnde- geei (Coulter) Britton and Rose, and a low, flat barrel, ford bisnaga, Ferocactus fordii (Orcutt) Britton and Rose. Here also is found parry BUCKEYE, Aescidus parryi A. Gray, several species of CHOLLA, Opuntia spp., SAWTOOTH GOLDENBUSH, Haplopappus squarrosus Hooker and Arnott, and CLIFF SPURGE, Euphorbia misera Bentham. The floor of the side canon is covered with large shrubs of rich box-thorn, Lycium richii A. Gray, LAUREL SUMAC, Rhus laurina Nuttall, palmer goldenbush, Haplopappus palmeri A. Gray, desert fragrance, Hymenoclea monogyra Torrey and Gray, and shad-scale, A triplex canescens (Pursh) Nuttall. Also, not far south of camp are several fine clumps of rush milkweed, Asclepias subulata Decaisne, and that very beautiful cactus of Baja California, CABEZA VIEJA, Lopho- cereus schottii (Engelmann) Britton and Rose. Laboratory Procedure Briefly, the laboratory procedure used in this study of the new species is as follows. The antenna, palpus, and legs of one side of the holotype were removed and studied and drawings made thereof. 240 San Diego Society of Natural History The antenna was drawn with scales in place and then glued back on the head. An antenna of one of the paratypes was removed and soaked for twenty-four hours in each of the following: 10 per cent sodium hydroxide solution, water, 95 per cent alcohol and, finally, xylene. Later it was mounted on a microscope slide in clear Canada balsam. This procedure removed the scales and slightly distorted each of the segments, but every joint in the antenna became exposed and easy to count and study. The same method was used on the labial palpus and in the study of male and female genitalia. A right palpus was removed from one of the paratypes and, after descaling dry, was studied to see what effect the soaking in solutions had produced on this appendage of the holotype, and then was drawn from three aspects. The head was removed from one of the paratypes, making it possible to lift the patagium from the prothorax. This was descaled after the arrangement of scales had been studied. The tegula was removed from the mesothorax at base of the fore wings and the arrangement of the scales noted. It was then descaled. The legs removed from the holotype were studied with scales in place. They were then descaled and studied from both the upper and lower aspects in the dry state. (Plate 19.) The claw-bearing segment of the tarsus from one of the paratypes was mounted on a slide after it had been expanded by the same method used with the palpus (Plate 19). The wings from the right side of one of the paratypes were removed, descaled dry, and then mounted between two glass slides. Later these were projected by using a two by two inch slide projector with the mirror of the camera lucida reversed, so that they appeared projected downward on drawing paper on the surface of the table and could be accurately traced, after which the light maculations of holotype male were drawn in, free hand, on this drawing in approximate position. The genitalia were removed from the holotype male, the allotype female, 10 male and 4 additional female paratypes. After being carried through the solutions as used with the labial palpus, they were mounted on slides in balsam. Well slides were used for the male genitalia. Later, camera lucida drawings were made. Details were studied directly under the high power of the compound microscope and added to the camera lucida drawings. A New Megathymus. C. F. Harbison 241 Megathymus comstocki, new species Plate 21, figures 1 to 8. Type Specimens The series examined consisted of forty-two specimens: holotype male, allotype female and forty additional paratypes, of which twenty- three were males and seventeen were females. Table 1. Data on Type Series of Megathymus comstocki All from Baja California, Mexico; collected, except as indicated, in 1955. All specimens other than the holotype are paratypes. Locality 2 miles NE. of San Simon Collector McKenney Date Sept. 10 Type Designation and specimen No. Holotype Males 1 Females Do. Comstock Sept. 9 1 Allotype (9 1) — 1 Do. Harbison Sept. 9 9 9 2-5 — 4 Do. McKenney Sept. 9 5 5 14, 17, 19 - 22, 9 11. 6 1 Do. Comstock Sept. 9 1 98 — 1 Do. Comstock Sept. 9 9 15 (malformed) — 1 Do. Comstock Sept. 9 99 — 1 Do. Williams Sept. 9 c?23; 9 18 1 1 San Simon Harbison Sept. 8 5 5 2, 3 2 — : Do. McKenney Sept. 8 — vaginal plate; Vo — vaginal oriface; Ve — vesica; Vi — vinculum. A New Megathymus. C. F. Harbison 259 Plate 19 For explanation of figures see page 258. 260 San Diego Society of Natural History Plate 20 For explanation of figures see page 258. A New Megathymus. C. F. Harbison 261 <>"' \ Plate 21 Figures 1 to 8. Adults, upper and under surfaces.. 1, 2. Megathymus comstocki Harbison, holotype male. 3, 4. Megathymus comstocki Harbison, paratype male. 5, 6. Megathymus comstocki Harbison, allotype female. 7, 8. Megathymus comstocki Harbison, paratype female. TRANSACTIONS inwui u,r • fcUUk MAY 2 3 1957 HARVARD UNIVERSITY OF THE SAN DIEGO SOCIETY OF NATURAL HISTORY Volume XII, No. 13, pp. 263 - 276 Plate 22 NOTES ON THE METAMORPHOSIS OF AN AGAVE-BORING BUTTERFLY FROM BAJA CALIFORNIA, MEXICO BY John Adams Comstock Fellow of the San Diego Society of Natural History SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA Printed for the Society May 1, 1957 MUS. COMP. ZOOL LIBRARY MAY 2 31957 HARVARD UNIVERSITY Table of Contents page Introduction 267 Acknowledgments 267 Larval Habits of Megathymus comstocki 268 The Ovum, and Oviposition 269 Collecting Terrain and Technique 269 Larva of Megathymus corns toch 271 Pupa of Megathymus corns toch 272 Comparisons 272 Parasites 273 References 274 Plate 22: Larva and pupa of Megathymus comstock' 275 NOTES ON THE METAMORPHOSIS OF AN AGAVE-BORING BUTTERFLY FROM BAJA CALIFORNIA, MEXICO BY John Adams Comstock INTRODUCTION The recent publication by Charles F. Harbison (1957) of a new species of agave-boring skipper, Megathymus comstock}, has established the first authentic record of an indigenous species of this interesting genus from Baja California. The writer had the pleasure of participating in a field study of the species with a group of naturalists, working in the area two miles northeast of San Simon, Baja California, under the aegis of the San Diego Society of Natural History, September 9 and 10, 1955. A record of that trip, with a description of the physical and ecological features of the type locality of the new species, was adequately set forth in Harbison's paper. My interest and effort centered largely around the factors concerned in the life history of this butterfly, and of other lepidoptera in the area. Having previously (1934) investigated and published on the meta- morphosis of Megathymus stephensi Skinner, and more recently (1956) on Megathymus evansi Freeman, it was my hope that a similar investi- gation of the habits of the new species might bear fruit. Efforts along that line had previously been made by others, without results. Acknowledgments I am greatly indebted to the several collaborators who had previously carried on studies in the Genus Megathymus, and who have generously given of their knowledge, experience, and published records. This particularly includes H. Avery Freeman of Garland, Texas; the late Brigadier W. H. Evans of the Department of Entomology, British Museum, London; Don B. Stallings of Caldwell, Kansas; and Lloyd M. Martin, Associate Curator of Entomology, Los Angeles County Museum. Colonel Arthur F. Fischer, former Director of the San Diego Museum of Natural History, was most helpful in making available the facilities of that institution, and lending support and encouragement to the members of his staff engaged in research. 268 San Diego Society of Natural History To Charles F. Harbison, Curator of Entomology, and indefatigable staff worker in the San Diego Museum of Natural History, I express appreciation for his dedication of the new species to one who is more grateful than worthy of the honor. Larval Habits of Megathymus comstocki Megathymus cotnstocki lives as a larva in the interior of the leaves of the century plant, known by the natives as "maguey", and to the botanist as Agave. The dominant agave in the San Simon area is one that was given the name Agave orcuttiana by Trelease, the type locality being San Quintin, Baja California. A number of authorities on the century plants are inclined to the opinion that A. orcuttiana is synony- mous with Agave shawii Engelmann, or at best only a subspecies of the latter. In this connection, Stallings and Turner (1956) report that in the Redington — Tucson area of Arizona Megathymus polingi Skinner infests Agave schottii Engelmann, which is "the smallest known species (of true Agave) in the U.S.A." A glance at Plate 18 of Harbison's paper shows Agave shawii (orcuttiana) to be a large, robust, and heavy species, occurring frequently in large dense clusters. This marked dif- ference in food plants serves further to set apart Megathymus com- stocki from its nearest relative, M. polingi. Locating the larval chambers of M. comstocki in these plants proved, at first, to be more difficult than was anticipated, owing to the fact that they are at a lower and less exposed level than the larval chambers of Megathymus stephensi or M. evansi. The burrows of these species occur at a level well within the range of visibility, and the entrances are typically on the upper surfaces of the leaves. In consequence, the 'doorway' to the larval tunnel is usually visible, and, in addition, the extruded frass pushed out by the larva forms a telltale accumulation that is plainly discernible. The entrance to the burrow of M. comstocki is on the underside of the leaf, below the range of visibility. It probably takes considerable time for the young larva of M. com- stocki to channel its way down through the leaf to a location near its base, where it eventually cuts out the chamber in which it spends the greater part of its larval span, and in which it finally pupates. It was particularly noted that the channel and chamber were contained in a single leaf. This is in marked contrast to the habit described by Stallings and Turner (1956) for Megathymus polingi. That species extends its Comstock — Metamorphosis of A Megathymus 269 burrow and chamber through more than one leaf, and into the main stalk or heart of the plant. During its larval span M. comstocki extrudes its frass and exuviae, as do M. stephens'i and polingi, and after each sanitary performance, the exit is sealed and the burrow is thus closed to unwelcome intruders. Even this precaution does not prevent the attacks of dipterous and hymenopterous parasites, many of which were found in the pupal chambers. The Ovum, and Oviposition In the short time at our disposal, it was impossible to obtain informa- tion on the ovum, or on the method of ovipositing. It is however assumed that, as in certain other species, the female takes a position on the plant, and snaps or 'flicks' off her eggs, one at a time. These probably fall close enough to the plant so that the young larva can seek a leaf and burrow in near its tip. To demonstrate this assumption with certainty would require observation in the field over a considerable period of time. The method of ovipositing of the several yucca-feeding megathymids is entirely different. The writer, in association with the late Charles M. Dammers, (1934) established Megathymus yuccae martini Stallings & Turner, affixes its egg solidly to the tip of a young and succulent yucca leaf, and that the newly hatched larva burrows im- mediately into the leaf, and thence down into the root. Collecting Terrain and Technique As previously reported by Harbison in his careful and thorough de- scription of the new species, the type locality is a small side canyon of Santa Maria Valley, about two miles northeast of San Simon, Baja California Norte. The surrounding hills are heavily clothed with sub- tropical desert vegetation, in which Agave shawii (orcuttiana) and numerous cacti dominate. This is a rough and difficult terrain in which to collect. This agave is a compact unyielding plant, frequently growing in crowded clumps, closely appressed to its fellows, seldom erect and solitary. Its associates are predominantly spine-armored or thorny. Its own sharp, recurved teeth along the margins of each leaf necessitate the use of heavy gloves. We were unable to locate the larval chambers until we had severed the plant close to the ground, turned it top end down, and peeled off the leaves, one by one, as a person does with an artichoke. The first leaves 270 San Diego Society of Natural History to be thus removed were those that were dried and shriveled. In these we discovered old and previously evacuated larval chambers. As this peeling process proceeded downward on the upturned plant, and the leaves began to show some green at their bases, the larval burrows evidenced more recent occupancy. A few contained live pupae, and several held shriveled larvae with puparia of a dipterous parasite. Mature larvae were encountered in green leaves immediately proximal to the desiccated layer. From that point onward toward the tip of the plant, most of the leaves were sterile. This process is long and tedious, and the total larvae plus pupae obtained in the two days was only ten. A considerable number of chambers containing empty pupal cases showed that we were somewhat late in the season. This collecting procedure is apparently the only one that gives successful results with M. comstocki. Obviously it means destruction of each agave examined, but by selective cutting in large masses the remaining plants may be benefited. The method employed in securing larvae of M. stephensi from Agdve deserti Engelmann is in strong contrast to that described above. The technique consists in using a crowbar to pry out a few leaves adjacent to the one suspected of containing a larva or pupa, then removing the desired leaf by hand. Plants thus handled soon repair the slight damage. As with all megathymids, netting the imagines of M. comstock* requires dexterity, and the results are seldom satisfactory. The insect is a rapid and erratic flyer and frequently beats itself into a ragged condition before it can be transferred to the cyanide jar. In the rugged terrain that is its home, the thorny bushes cause casualties to the net, and one must always move with caution, to avoid dermal punctures with cactus spines or thorns. Rattlesnakes should also be kept in mind, although, in this particular locality, only one was observed during our stay. Permits had previously been obtained by the authorities of the San Diego Museum of Natural History for passing the living material through the inspection station at the border on our return. The viable specimens were thereafter held in the laboratory under careful safe- guards against escape. From the eight mature larvae and two pupae, only three imagines emerged, one of which was deformed. The remaining larvae were Comstock — Metamorphosis of A Megathymus 271 dormant for a considerable period of time before giving forth hymen- opterous parasites. Of the two females thus obtained in good condition, one served as the allotype (No. l), and the other as paratype (No. 8) in Harbison's type series. Notes were made of the larva and pupa, and drawings prepared, as will be noted on our figure (Plate 22). Larva of Megathymus comstocki (Plate 22, fig. l) Mature Larva: Length, 33mm. for the single example measured. The subcylindrical body tapers toward the head for the first three seg- ments, and gradually narrows toward the cauda on the last six seg- ments. It is characteristically grub-like in appearance. Head: hemispherical, small, light tan in color, and covered with dull yellow hairs. The mouth parts are brown, and the ocelli con- colorous with the head. Body: ground color bluish gray, the segmental junctures shading to gray, and the caudal segments tinged with brown. A conspicuous dark brown scutellum on the first segment arches across the neck, uninterrupted in the median line. There is a submedian longitudinal row of black points, one to a seg- ment on each side. Each point bears a short black seta. A second row of similar character parallels this laterally, but is less conspicuous, and bears shorter setae. There is a middorsal longitudinal pulsating green line. The spiracles are rimmed narrowly with black. The true legs are concolorous with the body, except that their tips are tinged with light brown. The prolegs are likewise colored as is the body, and bear light gray crochets. The body is thickly sprinkled with minute yellowish hairs, discernible only under a lens. The body surfaces produce a flocculent white powder shortly before pupation, but not to the profuse degree that was observed in Megathy- mus stephensi. 272 San Diego Society of Natural History Pupa of Megathymus comstockl (Plate 22, figs. 2-3) Measurements: Length, 28 mm. Greatest width through center, 7 mm. The fusiform body tapers gradually toward the cauda and more abruptly toward the head. Head: Rounded, with the central cephalic elements protruding forward in two lobes, one on each side of the median line. The prominent eyes bulge laterally. Their color is slightly darker than the dark brown of the head. The leg sheaths and antennae are light brown, and the wing cases yellow-tan. The maxillae extend to a point approximately 2 mm. cephalad of the wing margins, and the antennae are still shorter by about 1^/2 mm. The abdominal segments are dark brown, tinged with olive, and the spiracles are concolorous with the body. Other structural features are adequately shown in the illustration, Plate 22, figures 2 and 3. Comparisons It has been generally assumed that any Megathymus occurring below the California — Mexican border, with a range more or less contiguous to that of the San Diego County species, would likely prove to be a close relative of Megathymus stephensi. The following table of com- parisons, together with the genitalic differences demonstrated by Harbi- son, prove that such is not the case. COMPARSIONS OF THE LARVAE M. comstocki M. stephensi Shorter (33 mm.) Longer (40 mm.) Slender Robust Tapering gradually towards cauda Tapering abruptly towards cauda Hair covering of head relatively long Hair covering of head short Ocelli concolorous with head Ocelli dark brown Body color bluish gray Body color soiled ivory Body pile yellowish Body pile brownish Crochets light gray Crochets black Comstock — Metamorphosis of A Megathymus 273 Comparisons of the Pupae M. comstocki M. stephensi Subfusiform Subcylindrical Curved ventrally Straight Tapering caudally on last Tapering caudally only seven segments on last four segments Head irregularly rounded Head regularly rounded Color of head dark brown Color of head amber Abdominal segments dark brown, Abdominal segments tinged with olive greenish-yellow Cremaster long, flat, Cremaster short, recurved relatively straight Harbison's thorough analysis of his new species, and his figures of genitalic armature, indicate that it is distinct from all others in the genus, its closest relative being Megathymus polingi Skinner, described originally (1905) from "Southern Arizona." Stallings' and Turner's recording of Agave schottii as the food plant of M. polingi is significant, as it is well established that nearly every agave-feeder lives in a separate species of agave. (Freeman had previously reported M. polingi as feeding in Agave Palmeri Engelmann (1951 ) but he recently (in litt.) corrected this to A. schottii.) Parasites As previously stated, a number of puparia of dipterous parasites were found in the larval chambers, along with the shriveled larvae of M. comstocki, from which they had emerged. These were left with Paul Arnot (a member of our party on the San Simon trip). As yet, no report on these has been received. In addition, several hymenopterous parasites emerged from the seven surviving larvae that were under observation in our laboratory. These were submitted to P. H. Timberlake, of the Citrus Experiment Station, University of California, at Riverside, who determined them as Apan- teles megathymi Riley, with the comment that "This parasite was de- scribed from North Carolina, but it has been recorded from Arizona and California." 274 San Diego Society of Natural History References Comstock, John A. 1956. Notes on Metamorphoses of the Giant Skippers (Mega- thyminae) and the Life History of an Arizona Species. Bull. So. Calif. Acad. Sci. 55 (l) : pp. 19-27. Comstock, John A. and Charles M. Dammers 1934. The Metamorphoses of Three California Diurnals. Bull. So. Calif. Acad. Sci. XXXIII (2) : pp. 81-86. 1934. Ibid. Megathymus yucca navajo. pp. 87-92. Freeman, H. Avery 1951. Notes on the Agave Feeders of the Genus Megathymus. Field and Lab. XIX (l) : p. 29. Harbison, Charles F. 1957. A new Species of Megathymus from Baja California. Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist. XII (12) : pp. 231-262. Skinner, Henry 1905. A New Megathymus from Arizona. Ent. News, XVI (7) : p. 232. Stallings, Don B. and J. R. Turner 1956. Notes on Megathymus polingi (Megathymidae) Lepidopt. News, 10 (3-4) : p. 109. Comstock — Metamorphosis of A Megathymus 275 Plate 22 Larva and pupa of Megathymus corns tocfo Harbison 1. Larva, dorsal aspect. 2. Pupa, ventral aspect. 3. Pupa, lateral aspect. All figures enlarged approximately X 3. Reproduced from a painting by the author. TRANSACTIONS OF THE _SAN DIEGO SOCIETY OF NATURAL HISTORY Vol. XII, No. 14, pp. 279-286, figs. 1-4 July 12, 1957 FISH REMAINS FROM ABORIGINAL SITES IN THE PUNTA PENASCO REGION OF SONORA, MEXICO BY W. I. FOLLETT Curator of Ichthyology, California Academy of Sciences CONTENTS Nomenclature 279 Fishes Represented 280 Fish Remains, by Site and Depth 282 Acknowledgments 283 Literature Cited 283 It has been my privilege to examine a collection of fish remains obtained by Professor E. W. Gifford, of the University of California, from two aborigi- nal sites in the Punta Pehasco region of northwestern Sonora, Mexico. One of these sites is near Punta La Cholla, some five miles west and north of Punta Pehasco. The other site, El Esterito, is near the mouth of the Sonoita River, approximately ten miles south and east of Punta Pehasco. These aboriginal sites have been described by Gifford (1946, pp. 216-218, fig. 29), and have been compared by Schenck and Gifford (1952, p. 265) with similar sites at San Felipe, Baja California, on the opposite shore of the Gulf of California. Photo- graphs and maps of Punta La Cholla and vicinity were published by Hertlein and Emerson (1956, figs. 1-2; pi. 12, figs. 1-3). NOMENCLATURE The ichthyological nomenclature employed in this paper generally follows that of Hubbs and Follett (MS.). The osteological nomenclature follows the later usage of Starks (1901, 1923, 1930). 280 San Diego Society of Natural History FISHES REPRESENTED The collection, taken from the sites and at the depths noted on page 282, consists of 41 fish remains. Of these, the 38 that are identifiable represent the nine species listed below. All are commonly taken, at one season or an- other, in comparatively shallow water near the head of the Gulf of California. TRIAKIDIDAE — Smoothhounds Mustelus lunulatus Jordan and Gilbert (?). — The sicklefin smoothhound is edible and is sold in the markets, according to Berdegue (1956, p. 105), who stated that the vernacular name "tiburon mamon" ("suckling shark"), applied to this species, refers to its weak dentition and small size. We saw one of these sharks captured on hook and line from a rocky promontory at Punta San Felipe. The 681/2-inch specimen recorded by Norris (1923, p. 1) is the largest of which I have found mention. A figure of this species was published by Kumada and Hiyama (1937, pi. 47). Material (referred with some doubt to this species) : seven complete centra, possibly all from the same fish, which was approximately 30 inches long. Because of the lack of adequate comparative material, the identification is presumptive. CARCHARHINIDAE — Requiem Sharks Scoliodon longurio (Jordan and Gilbert) . — The Pacific sharpnose shark is used as food to a limited extent in Panama, acc